A.J.B. Johnston, The Summer of 1744: A Portrait of Life in 18th-Century Louisbourg (Ottawa: National Sites, Parks Service, Environment Canada. 1991)

© PARKS CANADA

Endnotes

(I) Background to the Summer of 1744:

• Endnote 1 Unless stated otherwise, the material in this introductory section is based on the accounts in John Stewart McLennan's Louisbourg from its Foundation to its Fall, 1713-58, 3rd ed. rev. (Sydney: Fortress Press, 1969) and George A. Rawlyk's Yankees at Louisbourg (Orono: Univ. of Maine Press, 1967), supplemented by primary research into the documents they cited.
• Endnote 2 These figures are based on a table in B.A. Balcom, "The Cod Fishery of Isle Royale, 1713-58," manuscript on file, Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site, Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, 1979 (published by Parks Canada, Ottawa, in 1984, in the series Studies in Archaeology, Architecture and History).
• Endnote 3 This section is based on a variety of general works on the period, the most useful of which was Walter L. Dorn, Competition for Empire, 1740-1763 (New York: Harper and Bros., 1940).
• Endnote 4 Ibid, p. 129.
• Endnote 5 The above-cited works by McLennan and Rawlyk provide a general interpretation of the events of May 1744.
• Endnote 6 Paris. Archives Nationales. Archives des Colonies (hereafter cited as AN Colonies), C11B, Vol. 26, fols. 3-7v, Duquesnel and Bigot, 9 May 1744.
• Endnote 7 Ibid., Vol. 25, fols. 83-83v, Bigot, 1 Aug. 1743; ibid., fols. 91-96, Bigot, 12 Aug. 1743.
• Endnote 8 Ibid., B, Vol. 78, fol. 386v, Maurepas to Bigot, 3 March 1744.
• Endnote 9 Ibid., fols. 388, 388v, Maurepas to Duquesnel and Bigot, 18 March 1744. The original French quote is "les premiers moments de la rupture seront le plus précieux pour le succès de ces armements."
• Endnote 10 lbid. C11C,Vol. 12, fol. 153v, "Bordereau ... 1744," 2 April 1746.
• Endnote 11 George A. Rawly, op. cit., p. 5.
• Endnote 12 AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 26, fol. 128v, Bigot to Maurepas, 16 Nov. 1744.
• Endnote 13The Boston Evening Post, 10 Dec. 1744.

(II) June:

• Endnote 1 AN Colonies, B, Vol. 78, fols. 388- 388v, Maurepas to Duquesnel and Bigot 18 March 1744.
• Endnote 2 Ibid., C11B, Vol. 26, fols. 8-10v, Duquesnel and Bigot, 9 May 1744.
• Endnote 3 At least two British prizes were taken by French vessels before the end of May but neither was taken by a privateer outfitted at Louisbourg. On 30 April the Phélypeaux, sailing from France under the command of Pierre Guillaume Duruble, captured a British brigantine, identified as the Omble, in mid-Atlantic, while on 4 May Mathurin Fleury, returning to Louisbourg from Saint-Malo in the Ondromague, captured a British boat described as the Penbrock. The prizes are described in Paris. Archives Nationales. Section Ancienne (hereafter cited as AN Ancienne), G5, Carton 258, Amirauté, Conseil des Prises.
• Endnote 4 George A. Rawlyk (op. cit., p. 22) stated that word of the capture of Canso reached Boston between 15 and 22 June; however, a report on the fall of Canso appeared in the 31 May issue of the Boston Weekly News-Letter. Allowing for the variation between the Julian and Gregorian calendars would place that news story around 10 June.
• Endnote 5 AN Ancienne, G5 ,Carton 258, Amirauté, Conseil des Prises.
• Endnote 6 Ibid. 
• Endnote 7 Ibid. Other privateers included Nicolas Baron, Pierre Detcheverry and Thomas Hamel. See Appendix A. 
• Endnote 8 Ibid.
• Endnote 9 George A. Rawlyk, op cit., p. 20.
• Endnote 10 France. Archives Départementales. Charente-Maritime (La Rochelle) (hereafter cited as ACM), B, 275, fols. 69-74. Terence Allan Crowley discusses Duvivier's business side in "Privileged Entrepreneurs: The Louisbourg Officer Corps and Commerce" (paper read at the Canadian Historical Association Annual Meeting, June 1978, London, Ont.).
• Endnote 11 ACM, B, 275, fols. 64v-67, 21 June 1744.
• Endnote 12 AN Colonies, C11C, Vol. 12, "Bordereau ... 1744," fol. 133v.
• Endnote 13 George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., p. 20; Dictionary of Canadian Biography (roronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1966-), Vol. 3, pp. 474-6.
• Endnote 14 There are two different totals for the cost of the Succès. The figure is slightly over 33 160 livres in one bordereau (AN Colonies, C11C, Vol. 12, fol. 166v) and roughly 32 630 livres in another (ibid., C11 B, Vol. 26, fol. 138v).
• Endnote 15 Ibid., C11C, Vol. 12, "Bordereau ... 1744," fols. 162-166v.
• Endnote 16 Ibid., fols. 141v, 145v, 146.
• Endnote 17 The summary of the New England, principally Massachusetts, response in June 1744 is based on George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., pp. 16-26.
• Endnote 18 The statement is based on comparative evidence. The New England newspapers in 1744 contain many reports concerning the war and events on Cape Breton or at sea. Some of them were accurate, others exaggerated. In Louisbourg in late 1743 there was a rumour circulating that the British had demolished the fortifications at Annapolis Royal in preparation for rebuilding them in brick in the spring of 1744 (AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 25, fols. 78, 78v, 9 Nov. 1743). That story had been brought to the capital by a resident of Petit de Grat and was false. Undoubtedly similar stories with little or no basis in truth were circulating in Louisbourg in 1744.
• Endnote 19 W.G. Godfrey, "John Bradstreet at Louisbourg: Emergence or Re-emergence?" Acadiensis, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Autumn 1974), p. 109.
• Endnote 20 Ibid. Godfrey provides an interesting description of Bradstreet's activities at Louisbourg in peace and war.
• Endnote 21 Paris. Archives Nationales. Section Outre-Mer (hereafter cited as AN OutreMer), G1, Vol. 407, Reg. 1, fol. 35, 20 Sept. 1739.
• Endnote 22 W.G. Godfrey, op. cil, p. 109.
• Endnote 23 In a letter from Governor Shirley to the Duke of Newcastle dated 7 July, Shirley stated that Bradstreet had arrived the day before from Louisbourg. Converting the calendar then in use in the American colonies into the modem calendar means that Bradstreet arrived in Boston on 17 July. William Shirley, Correspondence of William Shirey, Governor of Massachusetts and Military Commander in America, 1731-1760, ed. Charles H. Lincoln (New York: Macmillan, 1912), Vol. 1, p. 132.
• Endnote 24 In late September approximately 40 sailed from Louisbourg for Boston. George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., p. 6.
• Endnote _ 25 The bordereau entries for the rent of the three buildings in 1744 is in AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 26, fol. 160v, 16 Nov. 1744.
• Endnote 26 Ibid., Vol. 30, fols. 228-229v, 25 May 1751.
• Endnote 27 Ibid., Vol. 26, fol. 160v, 16 Nov. 1744.
• Endnote 28 With two exceptions, the information on marriages, births and deaths comes from AN Outre-Mer, G1, Vol. 407, Reg. II. The exceptions are the two soldiers who died on 4 June; in their case the source is AN Colonies, D2C, Vol. 53, "Rolle general des troupes ... en 1749."
• Endnote 29 AN Outre-Mer, G2, Vol. 187, fols. 128-334, Oct. 1743 to Oct. 1744.
• Endnote 30 Ibid.

• Endnote 1 George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., pp. 20, 21; AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 26, fols. 32-36, Duchambon and Bigot, 4 Nov. 1744; AN Ancienne, G5, Carton 258, Amirauté, Conseil des Prises.
• Endnote 2 George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., p. 21.
• Endnote 3 AN Ancienne, G5, Carton 258, Amirauté, Conseil des Prises.
• Endnote 4 Great Britain. Public Record Office (hereafter cited as PRO), Adm. I, Vol. 3879, "A List of Prizes....... 5 Nov. 1744.
• Endnote 5 George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., pp. 7-9, 23-5.
• Endnote 6 Ibid., p. 9.
• Endnote 7 William Shirley, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 134, Shirley to the Lords of Trade, 25 July 1744.
• Endnote 8 AN Colonies, C11C, Vol. 12, fol. 145v, "Bordereau ... 1744," 2 April 1746; ibid., C11B, Vol. 26, fol. 180v, "Bordereau ... 1744," 9 Nov. 1744.
• Endnote 9 George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., p. 10.
• Endnote 10 AN Colonies, E, 169, "Journal de M^r. duvivier," p. 3.
• Endnote 11 William Shirley, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 132, Shirley to Newcastle, 7 July 1744; W.G. Godfrey, op. cit., pp. 109, 110. The name of Bradstreet's schooner is given in AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 26, fol. 160,16 Nov. 1744.
• Endnote 12 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., p. 112.
• Endnote 13 Ibid.
• Endnote 14 W.G. Godfrey, op. cit., pp. 109-11. Godfrey used the old-style (Julian calendar) dates throughout his article when discussing events recorded on British documents; I have converted the dates to the Gregorian calendar.
• Endnote 15 Information on the Compagnie des Indes ships can be found in PRO, Adm. 1, Vol. 3817, in the letters written to Governor Shirley by people who had been imprisoned at Louisbourg. See also Christopher Moore, "Merchant Trade in Louisbourg, Ile Royale," MA thesis, Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, 1977, p. 1.
• Endnote 16 PRO, High Court of the Admiralty, 32, Vol. 97/2.
• Endnote 17 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., pp. 1 17, 118.
• Endnote 18 PRO, Adm. 1, Vol. 3817, No. 6, Bradstreet and Ryall to Shirley, 21 Sept. 1744. When the ships left Louisbourg in the fall they carried approximately 1200 men among them. Paris. Archives Nationales. Archives de la Marine (hereafter cited as AN Marine), 4 JJ 8, 4^e Div., No. 58, portefeuille 19, pièce 13, between pp. 37 and 38, "Liste des Vaisseaux de Guerre, de la Compagnie ... Partis de Louisbourg le 30^e novembre 1744."
• Endnote 19 Boston Weekly News-Letter, 20 Sept. 1744.
• Endnote 20 All information on births, deaths and marriages comes from AN Outre-Mer, G1, Vol. 407, Reg. II, fols. 28v-45v.
• Endnote 21 The summary of the Bonnier- Butel incident is based on the documents in AN Outre-Mer, G2, Vol. 199-2, pièce 190, "Procedure Criminelle instruite a la requete de angelique Butel ... Contre Servanne Bonnier, 1744-45." The original of the French quote is "une Bougre de putain qui aimant bien à Baiser, mais qu'elle n'aimoit point ses enfans."
• Endnote 22 George A. Rawlyk op. cit., p. 25.

• Endnote I The account of the Duvivier expedition is based on the "Journal de m^r. duvivier" in AN Colonies, E, 169.
• Endnote 2 George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., p. 14.
• Endnote 3 AN Colonies, E, 169, "Journal de m^r. duvivier."
• Endnote 4 AN Ancienne, G5, Carton 258, Amirauté, Conseil des Prises.
• Endnote 5 AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 26, fols. 34, 34v, Duchambon and Bigot, 4 Nov. 1744.
• Endnote 6 PRO, Adm. 1, Vol. 3879, "A List of French Prizes ... from the 29th March 1744 to the 29th of September following," signed by Andrew Belcher; ibid., "Prizes taken and Condemned in Newfoundland......," W. Keen, 4 Nov. 1745. Eleven days have been added to the dates given for the captures.
• Endnote 7 AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 26, fol. 34v, Duchambon and Bigot, 4,Nov. 1744.
• Endnote 8 Ibid., B, Vol. 78, fols. 409- 409v, Maurepas to Duquesnel, 30 April 1744.
• Endnote 9 PRO, Adm. I, Vol. 3817, No. 5, Capt. John Mason to Shirley, 20 Sept. 1744.
• Endnote 10 See AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 23, fols. 170v, 180-180v, 157-157v; ibid., C11C, Vol. 12, fol. 107v.
• Endnote 11 This statement is based on the fact that the bordereau for 1744 show no government expenditure for firewood or gunpowder as in previous years.
• Endnote 12 PRO, Adm. 1, Vol. 3817, No. 6, Bradstreet and Ryall to Shirley, 21 Sept. 1744.
• Endnote 13 Ibid., No. 5, Capt. John Mason to Shirley, 20 Sept. 1744.
• Endnote 14 W.G. Godfrey, op. cit., p. 111.
• Endnote 15 AN Marine, 4 JJ 8, 4^e. Div., No. 58, portefeuille 19, pièce 13, between pp. 37 and 38, "Liste des Vaisseaux....... 30 Nov. 1744; PRO, Adm. 1, Vol. 3817, No. 6, Bradstreet and Ryall to Shirley, 21 Sept. 1744.
• Endnote 16 AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 26, fols. 34v, 35, Duchambon and Bigot, 4 Nov. 1744. The original French quote is "beaucoup de farine, du biscuit, du vin, et de 1'eau de vie."
• Endnote 17 Information on baptisms and burials is taken from AN Outre-Mer, G1, Vol. 407, Reg. II, fols, 37- 39.
• Endnote 18 AN Ancienne, G5, Carton 258, Amirauté, Conseil des Prises.
• Endnote 19 AN Colonies, D11C, Vol. 53, "Rolle generale des troupes ... en 1739."
• Endnote 20 Christian Pouyez and Gills Proulx, L'Ile du Quai de Louisbourg, Travail inèdit No. 149 (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1972), pp 23-5.
• Endnote 21 See, for instance, AN Colonies, C11C, Vol. 12, fol. 99v, "depenses extraord......
• Endnote 22 AN Outre-Mer, G3, 2047-1, pièce 24, "Testament d'Anne Guion Desprez," 31 May 1743.
• Endnote 23 Except when otherwise indicated, the account is based on information in AN Outre-Mer G2, Vol. 199-1, dossier 187, "Dossier des papiers touchant la succession de deffunte anne Guion Després veuve Chevalier."
• Endnote 24 Després's will specified that a service be held either on the day of death or the next day. According to the information in ibid., dossier 187, such a service was held, probably on 4 or 5 August
• Endnote 25 Ibid., Vol. 199, pièce 192.

• Endnote 1 Unless otherwise indicated, the source for the sections on the Duvivier expedition is based on AN Colonies, E, 169, "Journal de m^r. duvivier."
• Endnote 2 In November 1744 Duchambon and Bigot submitted a plan for the capture of Annapolis Royal in 1745 in which they claimed they would need five vessels, 600 men and 200-300 native warriors. AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 25, fols. 40-41v, 14 Nov. 1744.
• Endnote 3 George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., p. 12.
• Endnote 4 Thomas Beamish Akins, comp., Acadia and Nova Scotia; Documents Relating to the Acadian French and the First British Colonization of the Province, 1714-1758, reprint of 1869 ed. (Cottonport, La.: Polyanthos, 1972), p. 143, Mascarene to Shirley, Dec. 1744.
• Endnote 5 George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., p. 13.
• Endnote 6 Thomas Beamish Akins, op. cit., p. 143, Mascarene to Shirley, Dec. 1744.
• Endnote 7 Ibid., pp. 144-5.
• Endnote 8 Ibid., p. 145.
• Endnote 9 William Shirley, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 135, Shirley to Lords of Trade, 25 July 1744.
• Endnote 10 George A. Rawlyk, op. cit., p. 14; Rawlyk's translation of Duvivier's remarks.
• Endnote 11 AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 26, fols. 32-36, Duchambon and Bigot, 4 Nov. 1744.
• Endnote 12 AN Ancienne, G5, Carton 258, Amirauté, Conseil des Prises.
• Endnote 13 Bradstreet was paid 1200 livres out of the Louisbourg treasury for his one way voyage; Daccarrette and Rodrigue each received 1350 livres from the French and, presumably, a roughly equal amount from Massachusetts for the return trip. In addition they each were paid 640 livres by the French for their extended stay in Boston waiting to sail back to Louisbourg. AN Colonies, C11C, Vol. 12, fol. 160v, "Bordereau ... 1744"; ibid., C11B, Vol. 26, fols. 157- 160v, "Bordereau ... 1744."
• Endnote 14 Ibid., C11B, Vol. 26, fols. 157-160v, "Bordereau ... 1744"; 210 livres' worth of rum and 92 livres 8 sols' worth of beer were purchased to be shared among the prisoners on the three vessels.
• Endnote 15 PRO, Adm. I, Vol. 3817, No. 5, Capt. John Mason to Shirley, 20 Sept. 1744.
• Endnote 16 Ibid., No. 6, Bradstreet and Ryall to Shirley, 21 Sept. 1744.
• Endnote 17 William Shirley, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 145, Shirley to Newcastle, 22 Sept. 1744.
• Endnote 18 Ibid.
• Endnote 19 AN Colonies, C11 B, Vol. 26, fols. 157v-160, "Bordereau ... 1744"; ibid., C11C, Vol. 12, fols. 157v-162, "Bordereau ... 1744."
• Endnote 20 Praise for the sisters can be found in a great many letters to France from governors and commissaires-ordonnateurs. Even Thomas Pichon, who was very critical of other religious, spoke warmly of the sisters. See his Genuine Letters and Memoirs, Relating to the Natural, Civil, and Commercial History of the Islands of Cape Breton, and Saint-John.... (London: Printed for J. Nourse, 1760), p. 203.
• Endnote 21 Congrégation de Notre-Dame de Montréal, Histoire de la Congrégation de Notre-Dame de Montréal (Montreal: n.d.) Pt. 2, Vol. 4, p. 100.
• Endnote 22 All information on the baptisms, marriages and burials comes from AN Outre-Mer, G1, Vol. 407, Reg. II, fols. 39-42v.
• Endnote 23 Christopher Moore, op. cit., p. 95.
• Endnote 24 Figures on the fishery were obtained from one of the tables in B.A. Balcom, op. cit.

• Endnote 1 AN Marine, 4 JJ 8, 4^e Div., No. 58, portefeuille 19, pièce 13.
• Endnote 2 Joseph Bernard, Marquis de Chabert de Cogolin, Voyage fait par ordre du roi en 1750 et 1751 dans l'Améique Septentrionale, facs. of 1753 ed. (East Ardsley, Eng.: S.R. Publishers, 1966), p. 103. The original French quote is "la ville ne présentoit qu'un tableau de tristesse, bien différent du spectacle que le concours des Navigateurs y procurait pendant l'été." The quote describes Louisbourg at the close of the shipping season for 1750, but the scene would have been much the same or worse in 1744.
• Endnote 3 Boston Weekly News-Letter, 6 Dec. 1744.
• Endnote 4 AN Colonies C11B, Vol. 27, fol. 132, 12 Oct. 1745. The original French is "qu'apres le depart des Vaisseaux de la Compagnie des Indes qui Relacherent l'année demiere à Louisbourg Il Etoit de Notorieté publique qu'il devoit avoir eté Embarqué Sur les Vaisseaux plus de Mil Matelots pecheurs Engagés et Cannoniers qui se trouverent de moins dans la Colonie."
• Endnote 5 PRO, High Court of the Admiralty, 32, 97/1, papers of the Argonaute.
• Endnote 6 Allan Greer, '"The Soldiers of Ile Royale, 1720-45," History and Archaeology, No. 28 (1979).
• Endnote 7 Ibid., p. 48.
• Endnote 8 AN Colonies, C11B, Vol. 26, fols. 40-41v, Duchambon and Bigot, 14 Nov. 1749.
• Endnote 9 Ibid., fols. 72-7v, Duchambon, 10 Nov. 1744.