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Researching the
Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site of Canada
Recherche sur la Forteresse-de-Louisbourg Lieu historique national du Canada
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THE
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF 18TH CENTURY LOUISBOURG
Microfiche
Report Series 83
By
Margaret
Fortier
1983
Fortress of Louisbourg
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Part One -
Louisbourg - The Land and its Utilization
Louisbourg
Topography
Louisbourg -
Natural Foliation
Louisbourg Land
Use
Fishing
- Fishing
- Farming
- Pasturing
- Domestic
Gardening
- Lumbering
- Ship Building
Louisbourg -
Crops and Livestock
- Fortress Site and
Environs
- Harbour Area
Louisbourg
Environs - Concessions
Louisbourg
Properties
Part Two - The
Outports
- Chemin Du
Barachois (Rue Du Fauxbourg)
- Grand Chemin to
the Royal Battery and Baleine
- Grand Chemin De
Miré
- Raymond's Road
- Other Roads to
the Miré
- Other French
Roads
- Siege Roads
- Lighthouse Road
Part Three -
Flora and Fauna
- Oak (chêne)
- Ash (frêne)
- Beech (hêtre or
fouteau)
- Maple (Erable)
- Elm (orme)
- Merisier
- White or Paper
Birch (Bouleau)
- Pine (Pin)
- Fir (sapin)
- Larch, Juniper or
Tamarack (Epinette Rouge)
- Spruce (Epinette)
- Hemlock (Prusse,
Pruche or Haricot)
- Bois Blanc
- Aubia or Aubier
- Aspen (Tremble)
- Hornbeam (Charme)
- Wild Cherry
- Moose and Elk (Orignal
or Orignac)
- Bear (ours)
- Lynx (Loup-cerrier)
- Quincajou and
Chat-cervier
- Porcupine (Porc-épic)
- Fox (Renard)
- Marten (Martre)
- Fisher (Pékan)
- Mink (Vison)
- Beaver
(castor)
- Caribou
(Caribou)
- White-Tailed
Deer (Chevreuil)
- Otter (Loutre)
- Muskrat (Rat
Musqué)
- Raccoon
(Raton laveur)
- Hare (Lièvre)
- Squirrel (Ecureuil)
- Bat (Chauve-souris)
- Rats
- Partridge or
Grouse (Perdix)
- Canada Goose (Outard)
- Brant Goose (Bernache
cravant)
- Blue-winged Teal
(Sarcelle à ailes bleus)
- Black Duck
(Canard noir)
- Wood Duck (Canard
luppé)
- Eider (Moyaque or
Eider)
- Passenger Pigeon
(Tourterelle)
- Scoter (Macreuse)
- Cormorant (Cormoran)
- Old Squaw Duck
(Canada Kakawi)
- Margot
- Razorbill Auk (Gode)
- Great Auk (Pingouin)
- Snipe (Bécasse)
- Lark (Alouette)
- Plover (Maubèche)
- Catbird (Moquer-chat)
- Curlew (Courlis)
Tables
Figures
[future]
- 1 Louisbourg,
1720: Fig. 1. Louisbourg, 1720 Established seven years earlier, the settlement
is just beginning to show the two characteristics that will largely
determine its urban development: the imposed grid plan and the beginnings
of fortifications that will eventually encircle the town.
- 2 Louisbourg,
1744: Fig. 2. Louisbourg 1744 This plan shows the fortified town at its peak, on
the eve of the siege of 1745. Note the large ponds and the marshy, boggy
terrain adjacent to the fortifications.
- 3 Town, Harbour
and Roads: Fig. 3, TownHarbour and Roads This plan, which is undated, shows the
relationship of the fortified town to the harbour. Note especially the
system of roads and paths that led around the port and away from the town.
- 4 Undated View:
Figs. 4 & 5. Undated Views Denuded of trees, the landscapes around the
harbour presents a rather bleak appearance.
- 5 Undated View:
Figs. 4 & 5. Undated Views Denuded of trees, the landscapes around the
harbour presents a rather bleak appearance.
- 6 The Receding
Forest: Fig. 6. The Receding Forest Though done very early in the town's
history, this view shows how rapidly the forest is receding as the
inhabitants turn trees into building materials and firewood.
- 7 Harbour
Concession: 7 & 8. Harbour Concessions The top plan indicates the buildings
located around the harbour in 1727. The lower plan provides a close-up
look at but a few of the north shore concessions. Note the location of
buildings, the number of wharves and the road running behind the
concessions.
- 8 Harbour
Concession: 7 & 8. Harbour Concessions The top plan indicates the buildings
located around the harbour in 1727. The lower plan provides a close-up
look at but a few of the north shore concessions. Note the location of
buildings, the number of wharves and the road running behind the
concessions.
- 9 Harbour
Concessions: Fig. 9. Harbour Concessions The number and shape of all the
concessions around Louisbourg harbour are depicted here.
- 10 The
Outports: Fig. 10. The Outports This plan, done in 1757, shows most of the French
settlements on Ile Royale. Also visible are the major roads on the island
at that time.
- 11 Laurembec,
Baleine and Menadou: Fig. 11. Laurembec, Baleine and Menadou. Note that the road
from Louisbourg stops at Grand Laurembec; the other communities were
accessible only by water.
- 12 Laurembec:
Fig. 12. Laurembec
- 13 Baleine:
Fig. 13. Baleine
- 14 Menadou:
Fig. 14. Manadou
- 15 Baleine:
Fig. 15. Baleine
- 16 Gabarus Bay:
Fig. 16. Gabarus Bay
- 17 Gabarus:
Fig. 17. Gabarus This plan indicates the locations of a few buildings, the
area where vessels could anchor, and the inlet through which chaloupes
could enter so as to be protected from bad weather.
- 18 Miré Region:
Fig. 18. Mire Region The entire region and its proximity to Louisbourg is
represented on this plan. Though called a river in the 20th century, the
Miré is actually a series of interconnected lakes, which is how the French
described it. Here again, note the roads depicted on the plan.
- 19 Miré Region:
Fig. 19. Miré Region This is a detail of one area, that is known today as,
the mouth of the Salmon River. Toward the top of the map the location of
the saw mill of Sieur Larcher is indicated.
- 20 Roads:
Fig. 20. Roads - This Plan locates the following features: A) Chemin
Rouillé; B) Village Rouillé; C) Chemin Raymond; D) Chemin de miré; E)
Chemin du portage from St. Pierre to La Brador; F) Village Allmand; G)
Village to be established the following year.
- 21 Chemin
Royale: Fig. 21. Chemin Royale. This plan traces the "chemin
royale" from Louisbourg to the Mira. Note there are almost a dozen
bridges.
- 22 Holland's Map
of Cape Breton: Fig. 22. Holland's Map of Cape Breton Samuel Holland drew this
map in 1767, in conjunction with a survey he did of the island in that
year.
PREFACE
This report, the last of
several studies done by Margaret Fortier for the Fortress of Louisbourg, will
be of special interest to three groups: those interested in the original
landholding patterns in the Louisbourg area, those desiring to know more about
the 18th century origins of their Cape Breton town or village, and those
seeking to learn about the flora and fauna on the island two and three
centuries ago.
Like her earlier reports
on Louisbourg's fortifications and garrison, this study reveals Margaret
Fortier's customary thoroughness when going through research data. And, also
like her earlier studies, The Cultural Landscape of 18th Century Louisbourg
makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of the French colony of Ile
Royale.
John Johnston,
Researcher/writer/Editor.
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