PRELIMINARY ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES: SHUTTERS

Preliminary Report On Outside Shutters

by Christian Pouyez

In Historians,
Preliminary Architectural Studies,
Volume 02, Unpublished Report HG 02
(Fortress of Louisbourg, 1972,
Report Number H G 02 02 04 E)

This report on outside shutters is based exclusively on documentation now indexed in the Fichier d'Architecture Civile, (Civil Architecture) [i.e. the Domestic Architecture File]. We have a fairly large amount of information at our disposal since we found references to outside shutters [contrevents] for thirty-two private houses and references to inside shutters [volets] for two houses. However, details concerning the size and price of such outside shutters are only rarely provided in the documents dealing with private houses; we must therefore to some extent rely on the accounts and measurements for military buildings, which are much more precise.

This study will consist of seven sections, as follows:

[TRANSLATOR: In French there may be some confusion between contrevents, here called "outside shutters", and volets, referred to as "inside shutters", since although contrevents can be only outside shutters, the term volet can be used in modern French to designate either inside or outside shutters.]

Outside shutters were in fairly common use at Louisbourg; although it is impossible to give exact statistics at this time, we can say that there was a tendency to hang outside shutters on ground-floor windows, especially if such windows opened on to the street. On the other hand, we do not find many references to shutters on second-floor windows or on attic windows; it is possible that shutters provided protection not only against bad weather but also against possible thieves and this would explain the less frequent use of shutters on the upper floors. In military buildings, in particular in barracks, we find shutters on all the windows, including dormers. They were installed mainly to protect the window against bad weather, but it certainly seems that the soldiers did not worry much about such weather; in 1728 Maurepas wrote to Verrier that the major should pay more attention to making sure the soldiers closed the shutters when it was raining.^[iii]

Only the measurements and accounts for the king's buildings furnish some indication of the size of outside shutters.^[iv] The problem here is not so much the size of the shutters themselves as their size in relation to that of the window bay or window sash, when there is one. In Table 1 we have grouped together some shutter sizes compared with window bay or sash sizes. Although the shutters are sometimes the same size as the sash, they are sometimes larger than the bay of the window, especially when there is no sash (e.g. Magasin des vivres). In the first case (shutter same size as sash), the closed shutter must have been flush with the wall, in short, set into the window opening, while in the second case (shutter larger than sash or window opening), it projected.

(03) BUILDING (1727): Barracks - Pavilion (King's building)

SIZE OF OUTSIDE SHUTTERS = 4 pieds 8 pouces x 3 pieds

SIZE OF SASH = 4 pieds 8 pouces x 3 pieds

SIZE OF WINDOW BAYS = n/a

(04) BUILDING (1727): Magasin des vivres (King's building)

SIZE OF OUTSIDE SHUTTERS = 3 pieds 4 pouces x 5 pieds 6 pouces

SIZE OF SASH = n/a

SIZE OF WINDOW BAYS = 3 pieds x 4 pieds 8 pouces (approximate)

(05) BUILDING (1731): Barracks - Left Pavilion (King's building)

SIZE OF OUTSIDE SHUTTERS = 4 pieds 2 pouces x 3 pieds

SIZE OF SASH = 4 pieds x 3 pieds

SIZE OF WINDOW BAYS = n/a

MATERIALS

Pine was the wood most frequently used in shutter construction, (Table 2). Sometimes fir was used, especially in the colony's early years. Sometimes imported lumber (from New England) was used; we have an example of this in the lawsuit between Pierre Merle, carpenter and Pierre Eon and Dollé; Eon and Dollé had first asked Pierre Merle to make shutters of imported lumber and then, changing their minds, they wanted them made of local lumber, but at the same price. Since local lumber was more expensive than imported lumber, this change of mind led to a lawsuit.^[v]

TABLE 2

OUTSIDE SHUTTERS: MATERIALS

(01) BUILDING (1718): Governor's house (King's building)

- Fir

(02) BUILDING (1719): King's buildings

- Fir

(03) BUILDING (1733): Ile St. Jean (King's buildings)

- Pine

(04) BUILDING (1733): Port Toulouse (King's building)

- Oak or merisier [type of birch]

[NOTE: Oak or merisier used for the emboîtures only]

(05) BUILDING (1737): Duperrier- Rodrigue house (Private building)

- Pine

(06) BUILDING (1737): [King's buildings]

- Pine

(07) BUILDING (1753): [King's buildings]

- Pine

(08) BUILDING (1753): [King's buildings]

- Local lumber

(09) BUILDING (1754): Aurieu house (Private building)

- Local lumber

(10) TOTAL: 9 buildings

- 4 buildings where the shutters are of Pine

- 2 buildings were the shutters are of Fir

- 1 building where the emboîtures of the shutters are of Oak or Merisier [type of birch]

- 2 buildings where the shutters are of Local Lumber

(4)

METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
AND TYPES OF OUTSIDE SHUTTER

There are two types of outside shutter, single-leaf shutters and double-leaf shutters. Double-leaf shutters are found on both private houses ^[vi] and public buildings; ^[vii] the use of double-leaf shutters is obviously determined by the size and shape of the window.

As for the method of manufacture, we must distinguish between emboîture fitted shutters and batten shutters. Unfortunately we have only two documents in which the type of shutter used in private houses is mentioned: Laurent Dybarat's cabin whose shutters are described as consisting "of two battens." ^[viii] The second reference concerns the house of Pierre Aurieu, innkeeper, where the shutters have battens; the number of battens is not specified. ^[ix] In the documents regarding public buildings (barracks, Magasin des vivres, etc.) we find more detail; of seven references, three deal with shutters with battens while the other four concern emboîture shutters.

(i) Shutters with battens

These are always made with one pouce [vertical] softwood boards (pine or fir) except for the battens which are sometimes of oak or merisier [type of birch]. The boards are tongued and grooved and planed on both sides. The number of battens varies; there are three battens in the shutters of the governor's house, two in those of the guard-room. Sometimes the number is not specified. ^[x]

Except in one case [1-1/4 pouce], ^[xi] they are all made of one pouce [vertical] softwood boards except for the [horizontal end] emboîtures which are normally oak or merisier [type of birch] [with pine always a possibility]. The boards are tongued and grooved and planed on both sides and in one case it is specified that the [emboîtures] must be [well-]pegged. ^[xii]

The shutters were usually hung on a hinge pivoting on a pintle. Only one document specifies that there were two hinges per shutter, ^[xiii] but it seems probable that this was true of all shutters. ^[xiv]Most of the time it was enough to say that the shutters were to be properly mounted or else "permanently mounted" without providing any further detail.

The same closing apparatus seems to have been used everywhere; in the nine documents where this is mentioned, the shutters are always closed by means of a hook and eye. ^[xv]

To keep the shutters open, a turnbuckle was attached to the wall and used to hold the shutter open in such a way that it did not bang in the wind. ^[xvi]

There is little to say about prices. Only the measurements and accounts for public buildings specify the price of shutters; they are always included in the same section as the doors and they are paid for by the square toise. Table 3 shows the prices we noted.

- PRICE PER SQUARE TOISE = 30 livres

- TYPE OF SHUTTER = n/a

(04) BUILDING (1733): Port Toulouse (King's buildings)

- PRICE PER SQUARE TOISE = 23 livres

- TYPE OF SHUTTER = emboîture

(05) BUILDING (1734): Engineer's house (King's buildings)

- PRICE PER SQUARE TOISE = 25 livres

- TYPE OF SHUTTER = n/a

(06) BUILDING (1737): [King's buildings]

- PRICE PER SQUARE TOISE = 20 livres

- TYPE OF SHUTTER = emboîture

(7)

INSIDE SHUTTERS

We must now take a quick look at inside shutters which, as we have seen, are attached to the inside of the window; when there is a sash, the shutters are attached to the fixed frame. In the [privately owned] house of Pierre Aurieu, innkeeper, built in 1754, there is even an example of windows whose sashes carry at the same time both outside and inside shutters:

... the batten doors and outside shutters shall also be made of local lumber; at each gable-end there shall be a fire-place on each of the two floors, built of brick, lime and sand; the sashes shall be of local lumber, shall have inside shutters and shall be fitted, like the outside shutters, to the fixed frame [however, what may have been meant here was that two-leaf sashes were to fitted, like the outside shutters, to the fixed frame] ... the glass in the sashes shall consist of twenty-four panes, each seven pouces by eight pouces." ^[xviii]

In the [privately owned] building constructed for Beaubassin, Sylvain and Co. we find another example of inside shutters; the windows of the "warehouse" section are simply fitted with iron bars and "closed inside by means of an inside shutter [fermées en dedans d'un contrevent] with its two pintles, two strap-hinges, and single [locking] bolt." ^[xix] In this case we can certainly ask ourselves if the term volet is really applicable; indeed, here there is neither sash nor fixed-frame. Since inside shutters are specifically intended to protect a sash and shut out the light, we have a problem here. It seems to us that in this [Beaubassin] case we should instead refer to an outside shutter (providing protection against the wind and weather) hung on the inside of a window.

[i].Paul Robert, Dictionnaire alphabétique et analogique de la langue française, Article CONTREVENT.

[ii].Paul Robert, Dictionnaire..., Article VOLET.

[iii].B, Volume 52, Folio 591, June 20, 1728.

[iv].C11B, Volume 3, Folio 119-130v, December 31, 1718; C11B, Volume 9, Folio 171v, et Folio 174, May 4, 1727; C11B Volume 9, Folio 182 and Folio 188-189, November 1, 1727; C11B, Volume 12, Folio 138-139, September 1, 1731.

[v].G3, Carton 2042, Pièce 69, July 26, 1754; G2, Volume 184, Folio 192-194, 1737; G2, Volume 203, Dossier 304, Folio 53v, August 3, 1753; C11B, Volume 3, Folio 125-126, December 31, 1718; Archives du Séminaire de Québec, Papiers Surlaville, September 25, 1753; C11B, Volume 14, Folio 312v, September 28, 1733;C11B, Volume 4, Folio 278-282, March, 1719; C11B, Volume 14, Folio 319v, September 23, 1733; C11B, Volume 19, Folio 183, May 10, 1737.

[vi].G2 Volume 182, Folio 186, March 5, 1733; G3 Carton 2045, Pièce 67, June 1, 1756.

[vii].C11B Volume 9, Folio 188-189, November 1, 1727.

[viii].G3, Carton 2057, Pièce 23-24, November 21, 1721.

[ix].G3, Carton 2042, Pièce 69, July 26, 1754.

[x].C11B, Volume 3, Folio 119-130, December 31, 1718; Archives du Séminaire de Québec, Papiers Surlaville, September 25, 1753.

[xi].C11B, Volume 14, Folio 312v, September 28, 1733 [Shutter description: Pour les ouvrages à faire au Port Toulouse, on exigeait l'emploi de planches d'un pouce et quart d'épaisseur.]

[xii].Archives du Séminaire de Québec, Papiers Surlaville, September 25, 1753, Article 34; C11B, Volume 14, Folio 312v, September 28, 1733; C11B Volume 4, Folio 278-282, March 7, 1719; C11B, Volume 14, Folio 319v, September 23, 1733, Article 7; C11B Volume 9, Folio 183, May 10, 1737, Article 40.

[xiii]. G2, Volume 179, Folio 429-432, May 12, 1726.

[xiv].G3, Carton 2045, Pièce 37, September 12, 1757; G2, Volume 179, Folio 149, April 10, 1726.

[xv]. C11B, Volume 3, Folio 119-130, December 31, 1718; G3, Carton 2045, Pièce 37, September 12, 1757; G2 Volume 208, Dossier 475, Pièce 72, August 7, 1752; G2, Volume 194, Folio 238, September 13, 1735;G2, Volume 183, Folio 179, November 6, 1743; G2, Volume 181, Folio 491, October 9, 1732; G2, Volume 179, Folio 429-432, May 12, 1726; G2, Volume 179, Folio 149, April 10, 1726.

[xvi].C11B, Volume 3, Folio 119-130, December 31, 1718; C11B, Volume 9, Folio 145, November 17, 1727.

[xvii].C11B, Volume 9, Folio 171-173, May 4, 1727; C11B Volume 9, Folio 188-189, November 1, 1727; C11B, Volume 12, Folio 138-139, September 1, 1731; C11B, Volume 14, Folio 312v, September 28, 1733; C11B Volume 16, Folio 208-209, September 30, 1734; C11B, Volume 19, Folio 183, May 10, 1737.

[xviii].G3, Carton 2042, Pièce 69, July 26, 1754.

[xix].G3, Carton 2044, Pièce 53, May 30, 1756.

In Historians,
Preliminary Architectural Studies,
Volume 02, Unpublished Report HG 02
(Fortress of Louisbourg, 1972,
Report Number H G 02 02 04 E)

This report on outside shutters is based exclusively on documentation now indexed in the Fichier d'Architecture Civile, (Civil Architecture)[DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE FILE]. We have a fairly large amount of information at our disposal since we found references to outside shutters for thirty-two private houses and references to inside shutters for two houses. However, details concerning the size and price of such outside shutters are only rarely provided in the documents dealing with private houses; we must therefore to some extent rely on the accounts and measurements for military buildings, which are much more precise.

This study will consist of seven sections, as follows: (i) definition and location, (ii) size, (iii) materials used, (iv) method of manufacture, (v) hardware and (vi) price of outside shutters. A seventh section will deal with inside shutters.

According to the definition given by Paul Robert, a "contrevent" is a large outside shutter used to protect the window against bad weather [NOTE 1]. It is important to distinguish between "contrevents" and "volets", a word originally used to describe wooden panels hung on the inside of a casement window to protect it or to shut out the light; 2 we shall refer to such inside shutters again in the last section of this report. [In French there may be some confusion between "contrevents", here called "outside shutters", and "volets", referred to as "inside shutters", since although "contrevents" can be only outside shutters, the term "volet" can be used in modern French to designate either inside or outside shutters].

[PAGE 2:] Outside shutters were in fairly common use at Louisbourg; although it is impossible to give exact statistics at this time, we can say that there was a tendency to hang outside shutters on ground-floor windows, especially if such windows opened on to the street. On the other hand, we do not find many references to shutters on second-floor windows or on attic windows; it is possible that shutters provided protection not only against bad weather but also against possible thieves and this would explain the less frequent use of shutters on the upper floors.

In military buildings, in particular in barracks, we find shutters on all the windows, including dormers. They were installed mainly to protect the casements against bad weather, but it certainly seems that the soldiers did not worry much about such weather; in 1728 Maurepas wrote to Verrier that the major should pay more attention to making sure the soldiers closed the shutters when it was raining[NOTE 3].

Only the measurements and accounts for the king's buildings furnish some indication of the size of outside shutters [NOTE 4]. The problem here is not so much the size of the shutters themselves as their size in relation to that of the window bay or casement, when there is one. In Table 1 we have grouped together some shutter sizes compared with window bay or casement sizes. Although the shutters are sometimes the same size as the casements, they are sometimes larger than the bay of the window, especially when there is no casement (e.g. Magasin des vivres). In the first case (shutter same size as casement), the closed shutter must have been flush with the wall, in short, set into the window opening, while in the second case (shutter larger than casement or window), it projected.

There are two types of outside shutter, single shutters and double shutters. Double shutters are found on both private houses [NOTE 6] and public buildings [NOTE 7]; the use of double shutters is obviously determined by the size and shape of the window.

As for the method of manufacture, we must distinguish between dove- tailed fitted shutters and shutters with slats. Unfortunately we have only two documents in which the type of shutter used in private houses is mentioned: Laurent Dybaratts cabin whose shutters are described as being [PAGE 5:] "made of two slats" [NOTE 8]. The second reference concerns the house of Pierre Aurieu, innkeeper, where the shutters have slats; the number of slats is not specified [NOTE 9]. In the documents regarding public buildings (barracks, Magasin des vivres, etc.) we find more detail; of seven references, three deal with shutters with slats while the other four concern dovetailed shutters.

The shutters were usually hung on hook and hinge. Only one document specifies that there were two hinges per shutter [NOTE 13], but it seems probable that this was true of all shutters [NOTE 14]. Most of the time it was enough to say that the shutters were to be properly mounted or else "permanently mounted" without providing any further detail.

The same closing apparatus seems to have been used everywhere; in the nine documents where this is mentioned, the shutters are always closed by means of a hook and eye [NOTE 15].

[PAGE 6:] To keep the shutters open, a turnbuckle was attached to the wall and used to hold the shutter open in such a way that it did not bang in the wind [NOTE 16].

We must now take a quick look at inside shutters which, as we have seen, are attached to the inside of the window; when there is a casement, the shutters are attached to the casement. We have an example of a window with outside shutters, a casement and inside shutters in the house Pierre Aurieu, innkeeper, had built in 1754: "... the doors and outside shutters [PAGE 7:] shall also be made of local lumber; at each gable there shall be a fire- place with two hearths, built of brick, chalk and sand; the casements shall be of local lumber, shall have inside shutters and shall be mounted in a frame as shall also the outside shutters (... ) the glass in the casements shall consist of twenty-four panes, each seven inches by eight inches" [NOTE 18].

In the building constructed for Beaubassin, Sylvain and Co. we find another example of inside shutters; the windows of the "warehouse" section are simply fitted with iron bars and "closed inside by means of a shutter mounted on two pins and two hooks, each with a bolt". [NOTE 19]. In this case we can certainly ask ourselves if the term "volets -- inside shutters" is really applicable; indeed, there is neither casement nor sash-frame. Since the shutter was specifically intended to protect the casement and shut out the light, we have a problem here. It seems to us that in this case we should instead refer to an outside shutter (providing protection against the wind and weather) hung on the inside of a window.

[NOTE 1:] Paul Robert. Dictionnaire alphabétique et analogique de la langue française, article CONTREVENT. [NOTE 2:] Paul Robert. Dictionnaire..., article VOLET. [NOTE 3:] Maurepas à Verrier. Compiègne, 20 juin 1728, A.N., Col., B, vol. 52, fol. 591. [NOTE 4:] (i) Etat des fonds ordonnés pour les fortifications de l'Ile Royale. Louisbourg, 31 décembre 1718. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 3, fol. 119-130v. (ii) Toisé des ouvrages ... que le Sr Ganet a fait au corps des cazernes... Louisbourg, 4 mai 1727. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 9, fol. 171v, et fol. 174. (iii) Toisé des ouvrages...faits pour la construction du Magasin des vivres. Louisbourg, ler novembre 1727. A.N., Col., C11B vol. 9, fol. 182 et fol. 188-189. (iv) Toisé général et définitif de tous les ouvrages ... faits au Bastion du Roy.... Louisbourg, 1 er septembre 1731. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 12, fol. 138-139. [NOTE 5:](i) Devis d'une maison. Louisbourg, 26 juillet 1754. A.N., Section Outre-Mer G3, carton 2042, no. 69. (ii) Devis des ouvrages pour la construction du bâtiment de Duperier et Rodrigue. Louisbourg, 1737. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 184, fol. 192-194. [PAGE 10:] (iii) Audience entre Pierre Merle, demandeur, et Pierre Eon et Pierre Dollé, défendeurs. Louisbourg, 3 août 1753. A.,N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 203, no. 304, fol. 53v. (iv) Etat des fonds ordonnés pour les fortifications de l'Isle Royalle.... Louisbourg, 31 décembre 1718. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 3, fol. 125-126. (v) Devis et conditions à observer par ceux qui entreprendront les ouvrages ordonnés par le Roy ... Louisbourg, 25 septembre 1753. Archives du Séminaire de Québec, Papiers Surlaville. (vi) Marché pour les ouvrages à faire au Port Toulouze. Louisbourg, 28 septembre 1733. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 14, fol. 312v. (vii) Marché avec le Sr Isabeau, entrepreneur pour la construction des fortifications à l'île Royale. Paris, 7 mars 1719. A.N., C11B, vol. 4, fol. 278-282. (viii) Marché pour les ouvrages à faire à l'isle St Jean. Louisbourg, 23 septembre 1733. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 14, fol. 319v. (ix) Marché pour les fortifications de la ville de Louisbourg. Louisbourg, 10 mai 1737. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 19, fol. 183. [NOTE 6:](i) Vol chez la demoiselle Berrichon. Louisbourg, 5 mars 1733. A.N., Section Outre-Mer G2 vol. 182, fol. 186. (ii)Bail à loyer, Jean Claparede à Jacques Brunet. Louisbourg, 1er juin 1756. A.N., Section Outre- Mer, G3 carton 2045, no. 67. [NOTE 7:] Toisé définitif des ouvrages ... faits pour la construction du magasin des vivres. Louisbourg, 1er novembre 1727. A.N. Col. C11B vol. 9, fol. 188-189. [NOTE 8:] Vente d'une maison, Laurent Dybarart à Michel Daccarette. Louisbourg, 21 novembre 1721. A.N. Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2057, nos. 23-24. [PAGE 11:] [NOTE 9:] Devis d'une maison. Louisbourg, 26 juillet 1754. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2042, no. 69. [NOTE 10:](i) Etat des fonds ordonnés pour les fortifications de l'Isle Royalle. Louisbourg, 31 décembre 1718. A.N., Col., C11B., vol. 3, fol. 119-130. (ii) Devis et conditions à observer..., Article 34. Louisbourg, 25 septembre 1753, Archives du Séminaire de Québec, papiers Surlaville. [NOTE 11:] Pour les ouvrages à faire au Port Toulouse, on exigeait l'emploi de planches d'un pouce et quart d'épaisseur. (Marché pour les ouvrages à faire au Port Toulouze. Louisbourg, 28 septembre 1733. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 14, fol. 312v.) [NOTE 12:] (i) Devis et conditions à observer... Article 34. Louisbourg, 25 septembre 1753, Archives du Séminaire de Québec, papiers Surlaville. (ii) Marché pour les ouvrages à faire au Port Toulouze. Louisbourg, 28 septembre 1733. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 14, fol. 312v. (iii) Marché avec le Sr Isabeau, entrepreneur... Paris, 7 mars 1719. A.N., Col., C11B vol. 4, fol. 278-282. (iv) Marché pour les ouvrages à faire à l'isle St Jean, 7e article. Louisbourg, 23 septembre 1733. A.N., Col., C11B. vol. 14, fol. 319v. (v) Marché pour les fortifications de la ville de Louisbourg, article 40. Louisbourg, 10 mai 1737. A.N., Col., C11B vol. 9, fol. 183. [NOTE 13:] Certificat de Verrier concernant la maison Dupont. Louisbourg, 12 mai 1726. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 179, fol. 429-432. [NOTE 14:] (i) Bail à loyer, Angelique Bultel à Elie Allenet. Louisbourg, 12 septembre 1757. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2045, no. 37. (ii) Procès concernant le vol chez Blaise Ganda. Louisbourg, 10 avril 1726. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 179, fol. 149. [PAGE 12:] [NOTE 15:] (i) Etat des fonds ordonnés pour les fortifications de l'isle Royalle. Louisbourg, 31 décembre 1718. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 3, fol. 119-130. (ii) Bail à loyer Angélique Bultel à Elie Allenet. Louisbourg, 12 septembre 1757. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2045, no. 37. (iii) Réparations dans une maison. Louisbourg, 7 août 1752. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2 vol. 208, dossiers 475, Pièce 72. (iv) Scellés chez Dolhabarat à Saint-Esprit. Louisbourg, 13 septembre 1735. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 194, fol. 238. (v) Vol chez Muiron. Louisbourg, 6 novembre 1743. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 183, fol. 179. (vi) Vol chez Tabois. Louisbourg, 9 octobre 1732. A.N., Section OutreMer, G2, vol. 181, fol. 491. (vii) Certificat de Verrier concernant la maison Dupont. Louisbourg, 12 mai 1726. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 179, fol. 429-432. (viii) Procès concernant le vol chez Blaise Ganda. Louisbourg, 10 avril 1726. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2. vol. 179, fol. 149. [NOTE 16:](i) Etat des fonds ordonnés pour la fortification de l'Isle Royale. Louisbourg, 31 décembre 1718. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 3, fol. 119-130. (ii) Verrier à Maurepas. Louisbourg, 17 novembre 1727. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 9, fol. 145. [NOTE 17:] (i) Toisé des ouvrages que le Sr Ganet a fait au corps des cazernes... Louisbourg, 4 mai 1727. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 9, fol. 171-173. (ii) Toisé définitif des ouvrages ... faits pour la construction du magasin des vivres. Louisbourg, 1er novembre 1727. A.N., Col., C11B vol. 9, fol. 188-189. [PAGE 13:] (iii) Toisé général et définitif de tous les ouvrages ... faits au Bastion du Roy... Louisbourg, 1er septembre 1731. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 12, fol. 138-139. (iv) Marché pour les ouvrages à faire au Port Toulouze. Louisbourg, 28 septembre 1733. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 14, fol. 312v. (v) Toisé définitif des ouvrages ... faits pour la construction du logement de l'ingénieur en chef. Louisbourg, 1734. A.N., Col., C11B vol. 16, fol. 208-209. (vi) Marché pour les fortifications de la ville de Louisbourg. Louisbourg, 10 mai 1737. A.N., Col., C11B. vol. 19, fol. 183. [NOTE 18:] Devis d'une maison. Louisbourg, 26 juillet 1754. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2042, no. 69. [NOTE 19:] Marché entre Mr Beaubassin et Dubenca. Louisbourg, 30 mai 1756. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2044, no. 53.