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Windows, A Preliminary Study

by Linda Hoad
[Christian Pouyez, Editor]

In Historians,
Preliminary Architectural Studies,
Volume 02, Unpublished Report HG 02
(Fortress of Louisbourg, 1972,
Report Number H G 02 02 03)

This study, based only on the Domestic Architecture File, including maps and plans, considers first the size of window openings, then the types of sashes and the kind of wood used. The next section deals with surrounds and reveals, including lintels and sills. The size of panes and the method of applying them is considered in part three, and window hardware in part four. The last section deals with the general location of windows. The reader should also consult the memoranda (appendices I to III) on "Interior woodwork in the Engineer's house" (October, 1969), on "Sashes in the Engineer's house" (April, 1969) and on window putty in the "Chateau Saint-Louis" (February, 1967). Dormers are not included in this report since they are the subject of another report.

(I)

WINDOW OPENINGS

Window sizes are given in the toisés in pieds and pouces. The following table illustrates the dimensions of windows, including the frame, in several King's buildings. There are no similar dimensions available for private dwellings:

(1) 1718 - "GOUVERNEMENT" - Height: 5 PIEDS x Width 3 PIEDS [NOTE 1]

(2) 1723 - ISLAND BATTERY - Height: 4 PIEDS x Width 3 PIEDS [NOTE 2]

(3) 1727 - MAGASIN DE VIVRES

(a) OFFICE - Height: 5 PIEDS 3 POUCES x Width 3 PIEDS 3 POUCES

(b) UPPER FLOOR - Height: 3 PIEDS 4 POUCES x Width 3 PIEDS 3 POUCES [NOTE 3]

(4) 1727 - BARRACKS

(a) OFFICER'S ROOMS - Height: 4 PIEDS x Width 3 PIEDS

(b) GOVERNOR'S WING - Height: 4 PIEDS 8 POUCES x Width 3 PIEDS

(c) CHAPEL - Height: 9 PIEDS x Width 4 PIEDS 6 POUCES

(d) SALLE D'ARMES - Height: 4 PIEDS 6 POUCES x Width 4 PIEDS [NOTE 4]

(5) 1734 - ENGINEER'S HOUSE - Height: 5 PIEDS x Width 3 PIEDS 5 POUCES; Height: 5 PIEDS x Width 2 PIEDS 2 POUCES; Height: 4 PIEDS x Width 3 PIEDS 5 POUCES; Height: 4 PIEDS 6 POUCES x Width 4 PIEDS 6 POUCES; Height: 1 PIEDS 6 POUCES x Width 1 PIEDS 6 POUCES [NOTE 5].

Most of the specifications for private dwellings give the number of panes in the window rather than the dimensions. The size of the panes is given occasionally; thus, it is possible to work out the overall dimensions, using average wood sizes (see part II):

(1) 1735 - LENORMANT - CôTÉ DU NORD: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 12 (coulisse) [NOTE 6]

(2) 1736 - CABANNE: Glass Size - 7x6 Pouce; Number of Panes - 12 [NOTE 7]

(3) 1743 - HOUSE: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 9 [NOTE 8]; (4) 1749 - LIGHTHOUSE KEEPER'S HOUSE: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 16 [NOTE 9]

(5) 1753 - HOUSE:

(a) GROUND FLOOR: Glass Size - 7x8 Pouce; Number of Panes - 24

(b) 1ST FLOOR: Glass Size - 7x8 Pouce; Number of Panes - 20 [NOTE 10]

(6) 1754 - HOUSE: Glass Size - 7x8 Pouce; Number of Panes - 24 [NOTE 11]

(7) 1754 - HOUSE: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 4 [NOTE 12]

(8) 1756 - PIQUET HOUSE; Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 12 (coulisse) [NOTE 13]

(9) 1756 - HOUSE: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 12 [NOTE 14]

(10) 1756 - HOUSE:

(a) FACING STREET: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 24

(b) FACING COURTYARD: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 18 [NOTE 15]

(11) 1757 - HOUSE: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 24 [NOTE 16]

(12) 1757 - HOUSE: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 28 [NOTE 17]

(13) 1757 - HOUSE:

(a) A ROOM; Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 16 (ENGLISH)

(b) TWO CABINETS: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes 12 FOR ONE CABINET WINDOW- 24 FOR THE OTHER CABINET WINDOW

(c) BOUTIQUE: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 16

(d) KITCHEN: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 4 FOR ONE - 8 FOR THE OTHER WINDOW

(e) UPSTAIRS ROOMS: Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 12

(f) CABANOT (HEN-HOUSE): Glass Size - n/a; Number of Panes - 2 [NOTE 18].

From this table, it appears that 12 and 24 pane windows were the most common. Plan 733-4 illustrates a single leaf 12 pane window. It seems reasonable to assume that a 12 pane window was single leaf except in the case of a sliding sash, and that a 24 pane window was double leaf. It is possible that the 28 pane window had a transom, although this is not stated in the document. The disposition of the panes for the other sizes will have to be studied from secondary sources.

(II)

SASHES

(A) TYPES

(1) CROISÉE

The casement sash was by far the most common in Louisbourg. It is well described in the 1733, 1737 and 1753 specifications. Most casements had muntins 1 1/4 pouces thick, and had a drip moulding at the bottom. They were hung on a frame, and both the casement and the frame were pegged. ("Les Chassis Seront fait avec bois de Chesne sur dormants et Les Croisillons bien assemblés ainsy que les dormants et Le tout bien Chevillé et travaillé proprement, Les bois qui Composeront cet ouvrage auront un pouce et quart depaisseur, affin quils puissent resister a Linjure du temps ...") [NOTE 19].

(2) COULISSES

Sliding sashes were also found in Louisbourg. Further study will be required to discover if this characteristic should be attributed to the proximity of the New England colonies. Sliding sashes were specified as early as 1719 in Isabeau's contract: "52 livres per square toise for sliding sashes and frames" ("Cinquante deux livres pour Chaque toise quarrée des Croisées et dormans a Coulisses emboitées par la moitié du petit bois") [NOTE 20].

The best description is found in the specifications for the Royal Battery in 1723: "The frames will have sliding sashes designed to hold 6 by 8 pouces panes. There will be a quarter round on the top, bottom and on the sides, and the inside will be half round. All the joints will be mitred."

("Les chassis dormans porteront les chassis vitrez a Coulisse. Les chassis a vitres seront espacés de six sur huit pouces de vuide avec des quart de rond en bas en haut et aux deux cotez et le dedans a delay ronds Le tout assemblé a pointe de diaman ... [NOTE 21].

There is no mention of sliding sashes in any of the other official specifications, contracts, and toisés, but there are several references to them in private dwellings; for example, Le Normant's house on the north side, and the Levasseur house or the Desmarest house [NOTE 22]. The "English" window mentioned above is probably a sliding sash, since a contract in 1755 indicated that the two terms were synonymous. ("Les croisées de bas et de haut seront a coulisse ou a Langlaisse...")[NOTE 23].

(3) FIXED

There is only one reference to a fixed window - a small window in the kitchen of a private house. ("une petite fenetre ... qui Nouvre point"). There was another window in the kitchen [NOTE 24].

(4) STORM WINDOWS

There is only one definite documentary reference to storm windows. It is in a contract for building a private house. Both the large windows on the street side of the house and the smaller windows on the courtyard side were to have storm windows; i.e. windows inside and outside. ("Sera fait à chaque Croisée deux chassis à Verre ... Tant endedans qu'en Dehors ... à Double chassis tant en Dedans qu'en dehors... ") [NOTE 25].

The term "double chassis" is used occasionally in the documents, but it seems to be synonymous with "chassis double" (two-leaf casement). For example, the Guyon house rental agreement mentions "doubles chassis" and "doubles contrevents" [NOTE 26]. It is highly unlikely that a window would have two sets of sashes and two sets of shutters.

(B) WOOD

The kinds of wood used for windows were oak, pine, fir and local wood. From the official specifications we learn that oak was preferred, and was more expensive than pine (44 livres as opposed to 36 livres per square toise in 1737). The 1753 specifications indicate slightly larger dimensions for the casements and frames made of pine than for those made of oak.

Verrier stated in 1727 that the casements in the barracks had been made with fir and that the dimensions were too fine for this material, and thus the casements were weak. He recommended replacing them with oak [NOTE 27]. The early Governor's quarters also had fir casements, but this wood is not mentioned again for King's buildings.

Le Normant's house on the north side had fir sliding sashes [NOTE 28]. The Levasseur house had oak casements. Another house had pine window frames or casements, [NOTE 29] and there is one reference to local boards being used for casements. ("Les Croisées en planches du Pais") [NOTE 30].

(III)

SURROUNDS AND REVEAL

(A) EXTERIOR SURROUND

The same materials were used for windows surrounds as were used for door surrounds; that is, cut stone, flat stone, brick, and wood. Brick was used in King's buildings quite extensively (Magasin de vivres, barracks). It was discovered that the Port Toulouse brick was too soft, and as early as 1723, Vallée recommended that cut stone or flat stone should be used [NOTE 31]. The relationship between building type and the kind of surround used will have to be considered at a later date.

Cut stone was also frequently used in King's buildings (Engineer's House, Bigot house, repairs to Governor's wing, Hospital, guard houses). Verrier stated that he had replaced the wooden surrounds of the ordonnateur's house with cut stone because the wood had rotted. He noted that even flat stone surrounds required constant repairs [NOTE 32]. Brick and cut stone surrounds are illustrated on plans 725-8, 731-3a, 734-7, 739-4, 743-1, 745-4.

Wood surrounds were most frequently used in charpente buildings, although they were used in some masonry buildings. (de Mesy House, plan ND 7a). The surrounds were a part of the frame of a charpente building. (see Plans 725-8, 73-3-8, 733-9b, 745-4., 752-12, 753-1).

The surrounds of the Levasseur house windows were quite interesting. The house was probably masonry, and the material of the surrounds is not known., but the surrounds were covered with mastic to make them look like cut stone. ("pour les quarres des 10 fenetres garnies de Mastic en forme de pierre de Taille a 5" par fenetre"). The cost of this work was 5 livres for each window [NOTE 33].

(B) LINTEL

The thickness of lintels had been a problem for some time, since most of the documentary sources specify 2 pouces lintels, and these are not structurally sound (by modern standards). In a recent discussion with the Engineering Section, it was suggested that the 2 pouces lintel might have covered whatever structural member was necessary to support the masonry above the opening, but there is no documentary evidence of such a structural member.

The terms used for lintel were palatrage, dessus des fenêtres, and couverture des fenestres. Hardwood was always used for lintels; e.g. the Duperrier-Rodrigue house, the Hospital, the Ordonnateur's house. The Duperrier-Rodrigue house lintels were 2-3 Pouces thick [NOTE 34], and those in the Vallée house were 4 by 4 pouces [NOTE 35].

The alternative to wood lintels was masonry arches, or "arrières-voussures". St-Ovide mentioned that birch planks had been used for the "arrières- voussures" of the Hospital windows and stated that flat stone arches would have been more durable [NOTE 36]. There is no mention of wood lintels in the Barracks toisé, and Ganet stated that he had plastered the lintels in this building [NOTE 37]. Thus it is likely that masonry arches or "arrières-voussures" were used instead of lintels. This is the only evidence, however, for the use of masonry arches rather than wood lintels.

(C) SILL

The official specifications indicate a thickness of 2 pouces for window sills, and recommend the use of hardwood. In the 1753 specifications pine is mentioned as an alternative. The wood was to be planed and assembled with tongue and groove joints. The sills as well as the lintels in the Duperrier-Rodrigue house were to be 2-3 pouces thick, and those in the Barracks were said to have been plastered, although hardwood sills are also mentioned in the toisé. The sills in the Magasin de vivres were 1 pied 4 pouces wide; unfortunately, there are no other sill sizes mentioned in the documents.

(D) REVEAL

There seems to have been two methods of finishing window reveals: plaster and lambris. Plaster was used in the Barracks and lambris in the Engineer's house and in the Ordonnateur's house [NOTE 38].

The reveals of the Levasseur house may have been plastered, but the wording of the contract is difficult to interpret. ("pour Les pilastre des Croysées par dehort Et par dedans cy... Suivant La Situation des Croisées ou portes de Chaque jambage dont je fairé Cuire Le plattre ....")[NOTE 39]. This quote may also refer to the imitation cut stone mentioned above.

(IV)

GLASS

(A) SIZE

A variety of glass sizes were used in Louisbourg. These encountered to date are:

(1) 7 x 8 pouces

(2) 7 x 7 pouces

(3) 7 x 6 pouces

(4) 7 1/2 x 8 1/2 pouces

(5) 6 x 5 pouces

(6) 7 x 7 1/2 pouces

(7) 7 x 6 1/2 pouces [NOTE 40].

Seven by eight pouces panes were more frequent but several different sizes could be used in the same building, as in the Engineer's house (4 sizes), or in the Vallée house (3 sizes).

(B) FASTENING

The panes were normally held in place by points and paper or putty (mastic). Putty is not mentioned in the official documents before 1749, and only 2 references to its use in private dwellings have been found ("tout les Vitres ... areste de quatre pointe par chaque Carreaux et proprement Col le de papier [ou] mastique) [NOTE 41]

It is strongly recommended that paper and points be used in future designs., since this method was more likely to have been used by the French.

It would appear that the points were located outside the sash.("... les pointes de cloû estoient en dehors [des carreaux") [NOTE 42 - See also plan 733-4].

One reference may indicate that leaded windows were also found in Louisbourg. Five small iron rods for windows ("5 Petites verges de fer pour fenestres") were found in a chest in 1716 [NOTE 43].

Plan 739-4 shows what appear to be leaded windows in the proposed barracks.

(V)

HARDWARE

Windows were hung on either strap hinges or fiches à vase hinges. The latter seem to have been used most often in private dwellings.

(1) 1718 - Governor's quarters: FICHE

(2) 1727 - Magasin de Vivres: PENTURE

(3) 1727 - Barracks: PENTURE

(4) 1732 - Vallée house: PENTURE

(5) 1734 - Engineer's House: PENTURE

(6) 1737 - DuPerrier- Rodrigue house: FICHE

(7) 1751 - Private house: FICHE [NOTE 44]

(8) 1756 - Private house: FICHE [NOTE 45]

(9) 1757 - Private house: FICHE [NOTE 46]

Four types of fastening devices have been found to date:

(1) targettes (bolts)

(2) verrouils sur plaque ou verrous à ressort (spring bolts)

(3) taguets (buttons)

(4) hooks.

In one private house which had 2 leaf windows, 3 targettes were used: at the top, bottom and in the middle of the window [NOTE 47]. The first Governor's quarters and another private house, both with 2 leaf windows, had two targettes. Those in the private house were placed at the top and bottom, and the bottom fasteners were "a ressort" [NOTE 48].

The chapel in the Hospital had a window which closed with a targette opposite the third pane above the sill [NOTE 49]. Three private houses also had only 1 targette at each window [NOTE 50]. It is not known whether these windows were single or double leaf.

In the Vallée house, both targettes and verrouils à ressort were mentioned (7 and 14 respectively). The only fastening device used in the Magasin des Vivres was verrouils sur plaques. Both targettes and verrouils à ressort were replaced in the barracks in 1749.

Two documents mention the use of taguets. They both concern private houses, and one specifies iron taguets. The first reference is to an upper floor window [NOTE 51], and the other mentions their use on most of the windows of a 2 storey house [NOTE 52].

Only one reference has been found to a window fastened with a hook ("il leva un carreaû de vitre ... pour passer son bras et pour decrocheter le chassis") [NOTE 53].

(VI)

LOCATION

There was not always a sash in every opening, and even when there was a sash, it was not always filled with glass. This seems to have occurred frequently in piquet cabannes and houses. One cabanne had 3 shutters, and only 1 frame and casement [NOTE 54] a house had four 12 pane sliding sashes in one room without any glass in them, and 2 small openings in another room without sashes [NOTE 55]. Two contracts for building cabannes indicated that only shutters would be provided for the windows, although one of these contracts specified that the openings were to be constructed to hold a 12 pane casement [NOTE 56].

Windows could be relocated, and frequently were according to the documents. Two documents indicate that new windows were added to buildings [NOTE 57], one indicates that a window was changed to a door [NOTE 58], and two documents indicate that windows were masked [NOTE 59]. One of these describes how the masking was to be done - the planks were to be nailed to the outside of the frame (it appears to be a charpente house) level with the rest of the planks on the gable end where the window had been located.

The use of bars in private dwellings seems to have been based on the Coutume de Paris regulations regarding privacy. The only references to bars found to date occur in sales of part of a property, and state quite clearly which party is to provide the bars, and in which windows. Both upper and lower storey windows are mentioned [NOTE 60]. One agreement permits a 4 pane window without bars [NOTE 61]. Thus, it is quite likely that windows overlooking someone else's property would have been barred, and this fact should be kept in mind during design.

Bars were used on King's buildings apparently to provide security (Magasin de vivres, Bigot house), and may also have been used for this purpose in private buildings. The ground floor windows of the Beaubassin, Silvain and comp. house (storehouse area) were barred [NOTE 62].

The method of installing the bars is mentioned in one document only: in a hospital window there were three vertical bars placed between the cutstone surround and the window frame at the top and nailed to the window sill at the bottom. A criminal had managed to move the top of one of the bars from its position and to escape from the room [NOTE 63]. It seems likely that these bars were added to the window after the original construction. For the position of window bars, see plans 726-2, 734-7 and 743-1.

ENDNOTES

[NOTE 1]: "Etat des fonds ordonnés pour les fortifications de l'Isle Royalle". Louisbourg, 31 décembre 1718. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 3, fol. 119-130; [NOTE 2]: "Devis de la batterie de canon de l'ile de l'entrée du Port". Louisbourg, 5 août 1723. A.N., Col., C11B vol. 6 fol. 296; [NOTE 3]: "Toisé définitif des ouvrages ... faits pour la construction du Magasin des Vivres". Louisbourg, 1er novembre 1727. A.N., Col., C11B vol. 9. fol. 180-192; [NOTE 4]: "Toisé des ouvrages ... que le Sr Ganet a fait au corps de cazernes du Bastion du Roy et pavilion [de ces] cazernes." Louisbourg, 4 mai 1727. A.N.. Col., C11B Vol. 9, fol. 173-175; [NOTE 5]: "Toisé définitif des ouvrages ... pour la construction du logement de Ingénieur en chef ... ". Louisbourg, 30 septembre 1734. A.N., Col., C11B vol. 16, fol. 196-213; [NOTE 6]: Vol chez Le Normant. Louisbourg, 22 janvier 1734. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2,, vol. 195, fol. 1-300; [NOTE 7]: Bail à loyer: André Monier, dit Surgere, à Francois Lucas. Louisbourg, 19 janvier 1736. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2039 suite, no. 44; [NOTE 8]: Bail à loyer. Louisbourg, 3 septembre 1743. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2047, Pt. 1, no. 75; [NOTE 9]: "Estat des ouvrages de réparation ...". Louisbourg, 31 décembre 1749. A.N., Col., C11B vol. 28, fol. 330-351; [NOTE 10]: Devis d'une maison. Louisbourg, 1er octobre 1753. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2041, no. 131; [NOTE 11]: Devis d'une maison (Aurieu). Louisbourg, 26 juillet 1754. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2042, no. 69; [NOTE 12]: Vente d'une maison. Louisbourg, 5 novembre 1754. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2041 suite, no. 86; [NOTE 13]: Vente d'une maison. Louisbourg, 30 juin 1756. A.N., Section Outre-Mer., G3, carton 2044, no. 59; [NOTE 14]: Plumitif d'audience. Louisbourg, 31 mai 1756. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 206, dossier 417, fol. 46; [NOTE 15]: Marché entre Beaubassin et Dubenca. Louisbourg, 30 mai 1756. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2044, no. 53; [NOTE 16]: Bail à loyer: Desroches à Duchambon. Louisbourg, 7 mai 1757. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2045, no. 15; [NOTE 17]: Construction d'une maison. Louisbourg, 12 septembre 1757. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2. vol. 206, doss. 469; [NOTE 18]: Bail à loyer: Angélique Bullet à Elie Allenet. Louisbourg, 12 septembre 1757. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2045, no. 37; [NOTE 19]: Marché pour les ouvrages à faire à l'isle St Jean". Louisbourg, 23 septembre 1733. A.N. Col. C11B, vol. 14, fol. 319-320. "Marché pour les fortifications ...". Louisbourg, 25 septembre 1753. Archives du Seminaire de Québec, Papiers Surlaville; [NOTE 20]: Marché avec le S. Isabeau". Louisbourg, 7 mars 1719. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 4, fol. 278- 282; [NOTE 21]: "Devis d'une grande batterie de canons". Louisbourg, 8 août 1723. A.N., Col., C"B, vol. 6, fol. 307; [NOTE 22]: Vol chez Le Normant. Louisbourg, 22 janvier 1735. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 195, fol. 1-300. "Pour compte avec M de Demaret". Louisbourg, s.d. A.M. C4, 184, dossier Levasseur, fol. 38. Vol dans une maison. Louisbourg, 15 octobre 1755. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 203, dossier 373, pièce 6. Vente d'une maison. Louisbourg, 30 juin 1756. A.N., Section Outre- Mer, G3, carton 2044, no. 59; [NOTE 23]: Contrat entre Dubenca et Michel Milly Lacroix. Louisbourg, 13 décembre 1755. A.N. Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 203, dossier 381; [NOTE 24]: Bail à loyer, Angélique Bullet à Ellie Allenet. Louisbourg, 12 septembre 1757. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2045, no. 37; [NOTE 25]: Marché entre Beaubassin et Dubenca. Louisbourg, 30 mai 1756. A.N., Section Outre- Mer, G3, carton 2044, no. 53; [NOTE 26]: Bail à loyer: Jean Claparede à Jacques Brunet. Louisbourg, 1er juin 1756. A.N., Section Outre- Mer, G3, carton 2045, no. 67; [NOTE 27]: Verrier au Ministre. Louisbourg, 17 novembre 1727. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 9, fol. 142-145; [NOTE 28]: "Compte courant avec maître Duval". Louisbourg, 16 juillet 1732. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 208, dossier 479, pièce 13; [NOTE 29]: Plumitif d'audience. Louisbourg, 7 octobre 1755. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 205, dossier 386, fol. 34; [NOTE 30]: Devis d'une maison. Louisbourg, 26 juillet 1754. A.N., Section Outre-Mer G3, carton 2042, no. 69; [NOTE 31]: 31 Vallée au Ministre. Louisbourg, 1723. A.N., Col., C11B. vol. 6, fol. 310; - 19 - [NOTE 32]: Verrier au Ministre. Louisbourg, 29 décembre 1736. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 18, fol. 286; [NOTE 33] Marché entre Charles-Ives Duval et M. Le Vasseur. Louisbourg, 1731-1734. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 208, dossier 479, pièce 2; [NOTE 34]: "Devis des ouvrages ... pour la construction du bâtimen que M. Duperrier et Rodrigue veuve faire construire ...". Louisbourg, 1737. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 184, fol. 392-394; [NOTE 35]: "Toisé de la maison mensarde de M. Vallée." Louisbourg, 6 mars 1732. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 181, fol. 522-527; [NOTE 36]: St Ovide au Ministre. Louisbourg, 1727. A.N., Col., C"B, vol. 27, fol. 315-317; [NOTE 37]: Ganet au Ministre. Louisbourg, 18 septembre 1725. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 7, f. 348; [NOTE 38] "Toisé définitif des ouvrages ... pour la construction du logement de l'ingénieur en chef...". Louisbourg, 30 septembre 1734. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 16., Vol. 196-213. "Etat des ouvrages de réparations ...". Louisbourg, 31 décembre 1749. A.N., Col., C11B, vol. 28, fol. 330-351; [NOTE 39]: Marché entre Charles Ives Duval et M. Le Vasseur. Louisbourg, 1731-1734. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 208, dossier 479, pièce 2; [NOTE 40]: "Pour le loyer de lad. maison ...". Louisbourg, s.d. A.M., C 7 vol. 184, f. 36, dossier Le Vasseur. Réparations dans une maison. Louisbourg, 7 août 1752. A.N., Section Outre- Mer, G2, vol. 203, dossier 475, Pièce 72. "Toisé définitif des ouvrages ... pour la construction du logement de l'ingénieur en chef ...". Louisbourg, 30 septembre 1734. A.N. Col., C11B vol. 16 fol. 196-213. "Toisé de la maison mensarde de M. Vallée. Louisbourg, 6 mars 1732. A.N. Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 181, fol. 522- 527; [NOTE 41]: "Devis des ouvrages ... pour la construction du batimen... ". Louisbourg, 1737. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 184, fol. 392-394. Plumitif d'audience. Louisbourg, 4 octobre 1751. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 209, dossier 479, fol. 26-28; [NOTE 42]: Vol dans une maison. Louisbourg, 23 septembre 1740. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 197, dossier 135, fol. 4; [NOTE 43]: Inventaire d'un coffre. Louisbourg, 10 novembre 1716. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 194, fol. 39-40; [NOTE 44]: Devis d'une maison. Louisbourg, 30 mars 1751. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2041, pt. l, no. 126; [NOTE 45]: Marché entre Beaubassin et Dubenca. Louisbourg, 30 mai 1756. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2044, no. 53; [NOTE 46]: Construction d'une maison. Louisbourg, 12 septembre 1757. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2. vol. 206, dossier 469; [NOTE 47]: Vol dans une maison. Louisbourg, 5 Mars 1733. A.N., Section Outre-Mer., G2., vol. 182, fol. 325; [NOTE 48]: Construction d'une maison. Louisbourg, 12 septembre 1757. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 206, dossier 469; [NOTE 49]: Procès verbal. Louisbourg, 1er juillet 1736. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 196, dossier 89, pièce 3; [NOTE 50]: Procès de Charles Durand. Louisbourg, 27 juin 1724. A.N., Section Outre-Mer., G2, vol. 178, fol. 376. Vol chez Carrerot. Louisbourg, 8 février 1736. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 196, no. 93, p. 2. Vol dans une maison. Louisbourg, 10 avril 1726. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 179, fol. 149; [NOTE 51]: Vol de chemises chez le sieur Marguerie. Louisbourg, 26 mars 1751. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 210, dossier 514, pièce 1; [NOTE 52]: Bail à loyer, Angèlique Bultel à Elie Allenet. Louisbourg, 12 septembre 1757. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2045, no. 37; [NOTE 53]: Vol dans une maison. Louisbourg, 23 septembre 1740. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, Vol. 197, dossier 135, fol. 4; [NOTE 54]: Vente d'une maison. Louisbourg, 21 novembre 1721. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2057, nos 23 et 24; [NOTE 55]: Vente d'une maison. Louisbourg, 30 juin 1756. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 20", no. 59; [NOTE 56]: Bail à loyer: André Monier, dit Surgere, Francois Lucas. Louisbourg, 19 janvier 1736. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2039 suite, no. 44. Conventions entre Gilles Chalois et la Vve Lagrange. Louisbourg, 11 juillet 1750. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2041, Pt. 1, no. 132; [NOTE 57]: Bail à loyer: Mathieu Salauvin à Joseph Narbonne. Louisbourg, 28 juin, 1757. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2045, no. 27; Bail A loyer: B. et M. Guion à Antoine Rodrigue. Louisbourg, 17 juin 1750. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2047, Pt. 1, no. 97; [NOTE 58]: Bail à loyer: Jean Seigneur à Joseph Dallemand. Louisbourg, 8 février 1734. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2039, Pt. 1, no. 13; [NOTE 59]: Réparations dans une maison. Louisbourg, 7 août 1752. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 208, dossier 475, pièce 72 . Rapport des experts. Louisbourg, 7 mars 1755. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 203, dossier 358; [NOTE 60]: Vente d'une maison. Louisbourg, 12 octobre 1736. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2039, pt. 1. no. 165; Dispute entre Morin et Lucas. Louisbourg, s.d., A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G2, vol. 188, fol. 336; Vente de Terrain. Louisbourg, 14 avril 1755. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, Carton 2044, no. 79; [NOTE 61]: Vente de maison. Louisbourg, 5 novembre 1754. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2041 suite, no. 86; [NOTE 62]: Marché entre Beaubassin et Dubenca. Louisbourg, 30 mai 1756. A.N., Section Outre-Mer, G3, carton 2044, no. 53; [NOTE 63]: Procès-verbal. Louisbourg, 1er juillet 1736. A.N., Section Outre-Mer., G2, vol. 196., dossier 89, Pièce 3.

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