REPORT 2000 - 140

THE KING'S HOSPITAL - A STRUCTURAL HISTORY
OF LOUISBOURG'S BLOCK 13 ROYAL HOSPITAL
1713 - 1960

BY

ERIC KRAUSE

KRAUSE HOUSE INFO-RESEARCH SOLUTIONS

AUGUST 21, 2000

(Fortress of Louisbourg Report 
RA983.L4K72000 [2000-140])

NARRATIVE REPORT

A CHRONOLOGY OF BUILT AND PROPOSED FEATURES

PART ONE

A CHRONOLOGY OF BUILT AND PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION EVENTS (1713 - 1960)

1744 - 1960

In 1745, prior to the siege or earlier, an accounting noted that the [Rue d'Orléans west] hospital and its bell tower required some minor slate [and possibly associated table lead] repairs (1,000 slates).⁽¹⁰⁴⁾

At this time, according to an English post siege account, the block in 1745 measured 20 rods (330 feet) along [Rue Royalle and d'Orléans - and hence, along the hospital building as well]. Built of 2-foot thick lime [mortared] [rubble] stone, the Hospital Du Roy or Royal Hospital stood two stories high - with two large [hospital wards] below and similar [two large hospital wards] above - with a bell [tower] with its bell in the middle. Its numerous large sash windows were [grilled with bars] described as iron grates.

At its [Rue d'Orléans east] and [Rue d'Orléans west] ends [of the hospital] stood a large dwelling house. From each of them, running north, along [along Rue d'Estrées and Dauphine respectively] was a 12 foot high, 4-foot thick, 13 rod [214.5 foot] long [perimeter property] wall that met the [Rue Royalle perimeter property] wall, enclosing off about an acre of land used as a garden. At the [Rue Royalle east] and [Rue Royalle west] corner of this wall stood large kitchens [buildings] for cooking and brewing. There were also two wells, an arched [entry] gate with a cross, and two [obvious] sun dials, and a fine garden.⁽¹⁰⁵⁾

During the siege, the [Rue d'Orléans west hospital] ward suffered some minor damage to its slate roof.⁽¹⁰⁶⁾

In June, the French agreed that the [Rue d'Orléans] hospital [wards] be divided, between French and English use, which later also included the sharing of the mortuary (dead house).⁽¹⁰⁷⁾ In September, the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] hospital chapel was considered for use as a barracks.⁽¹⁰⁸⁾ Throughout this period, its [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel was a place for English preaching and prayers. As well, prayers were held in the Rue d'Orléans hospital wards] and, at least once, in the hospital's upper [Rue d'Orléans] entry.⁽¹⁰⁹⁾ In September, a nauseous smell was so strong in the hospital as to hinder the visiting activities of the chaplain.⁽¹¹⁰⁾

Considered by them to be a handsome building, the English forces for four years used the hospital first - as they characterized it - as a hospital barracks, then as a hospital now used as a barracks. During this period, they not only undertook repairs and built bunks for the English militia, but, generally, also removed all the hardware, including the iron balustrade in the yard [terrace], and the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel's iron [window] grills and grilled door. They also built an upper floor in the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel by extending the upper [Rue d'Orléans east hospital] ward into that area, and installed 4 large chimneys in the [Rue d'Orléans east hospital] ward, next to the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel, to serve both floors levels ⁽¹¹¹⁾

Upon the return of Louisbourg, the hospital had to be set up once again. Among the items deemed necessary were stoves for the wards, and assorted appointments for the wards, kitchens, wash-house, bakery, Brothers' rooms, Officers' rooms [ward], and [main] entry door.⁽¹¹²⁾

On July 23, Coeuret, the new fortification contractor (c. 1749-1753 if not later as well), was tasked with repairing the hospital complex at a cost of 6,259 livres 6 sols 10 deniers, covering the following categories:

(Note: The proposed re-construction date is 1744-1745. Only the more useful dimensions, quantities, and specific prices have been extracted - Please consult the transcribed "Estat des Ouvrages de reparations" for complete details)

(1) Exterior Masonry Walls

(a) Crépissage à pierre apparente roughcasting of the [walls] of the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the horse-cow sheds (@ 45 sols per square toise)

(2) Interior Masonry Walls

(a) Scraped the walls of the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] ward, to clean them

(b) Scraped the walls of the [Rue Dauphine west] lodgings of the Brothers, to clean them

(c) Lime and sand mortar enduit roughcasting of a portion of the [walls] of the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel and [Rue d'Estrées] sacristy, [followed by a] a 2-coat lime whitewash for the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel (Enduit @ 5 livres 10 sols per square toise; Whitewash @ 15 sols per square toise)

(d) [Lime and sand mortar] enduit roughcasting of a portion of the [walls] of the [Rue d'Orléans east] small [hospital] ward, [followed by a 2-coat lime whitewash] (Enduit @ 5 livres 10 sols per square toise; Whitewash @ 15 sols per square toise)

(e) [Lime and sand mortar enduit roughcasting] of the [walls] of the [Rue d'Orléans west] large [hospital ward] adjoining the lodgings of the Brothers, [followed] by a 2-coat lime whitewash (Enduit @ 5 livres 10 sols per square toise; Whitewash @ 15 sols per square toise)

(f) [Lime and sand mortar enduit roughcasting] of the [walls] of the [Rue d'Orléans] upper [hospital wards], [followed] by a 2-coat lime whitewash (Enduit @ 5 livres 10 sols per square toise; Whitewash @ 15 sols per square toise)

(g) [Lime and sand mortar enduit roughcasting] of the [walls] of the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] Brothers lodging, refectory (dining room), office, and kitchen, [followed] by a 2-coat lime whitewash to the lodgings of the Brothers (Enduit @ 5 livres 10 sols per square toise; Whitewash @ 15 sols per square toise)

(h) [Lime and sand mortar enduit roughcasting] of the [walls] of the 2 corridor passages which separate the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] wards, [followed] by a 2-coat lime whitewash (Enduit @ 5 livres 10 sols per square toise; Whitewash @ 15 sols per square toise)

(i) [Lime and sand mortar enduit roughcasting] of the [walls] of the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] apothecary (Enduit @ 5 livres 10 sols per square toise)

(j) [Lime and sand mortar enduit roughcasting] of the [walls] of [unspecified] stairs, [followed] by a 2-coat lime whitewash, and the [lime and sand mortar enduit roughcasting] of other small lodgings (Enduit @ 5 livres 10 sols per square toise; Whitewash @ 15 sols per square toise)

(k) A 2-coat lime whitewash in unspecified areas (Whitewash @ 15 sols per square toise)

(3) Roof

(a) Shingle repairs to the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the storehouse/horse-cow sheds/henhouse-sheep fold (@ 15 livres per square toise)

(b) Shingle repairs to the [Rue Royalle east] pavilion housing the bakery/wash-house (@ 15 livres per square toise)

(c) Slate repairs from the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] central pavilion to and including the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] Brother's lodging (12 square toises @ 5 livres per square toise, which includes the nails - 60 livres)

(d) Shingle repairs to the long side of the roof of the said [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans east right aisle/right pavilion] which faces the bakery (3 square toises 2 pieds @ 15 livres per square toise- 50 livres)

(e) [Slate] repairs from, and including, the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] central pavilion to the [Rue d'Estrées] officers' rooms (25 square toises 3 pieds @ 5 livres per square toise, which includes the nails - 12 livres)

(4) Floors and Flooring

(a) Demolition of the floor [planks] and 7 floor beams sealed [into the walls] which the English had constructed when they had extended the upper floor [Rue d'Orléans hospital] ward over the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel

(b) Repair of the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel ground floor, re-using 6 re-used flooring beams taken from the demolished English extended upper [Rue d'Orléans hospital] ward floor over the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel, and replacement of [flooring planks] and furnishing of nails

(c) Replacement of a portion of the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] ward floor with [flooring planks]

(d) Replacement of a portion of the upper and lower floors [of the hospital], re-using the flooring planks from the demolished English extended upper [Rue d'Orléans hospital] ward floor over the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel

(e) Sealing of the English beam holes with masonry and other masonry repairs in the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel

(f) [Construction] of a double floor under the armoire in the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] apothecary

(g) [Construction] of 4 armoire doors (and shelving] for the linen room (@ 12 livres per square toise)

(5) Door and Doorways

(a) Arched [doorway] in the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the storehouse/horse-cow shed between the storehouse and the horse-cow shed blocked off [with rubble stone masonry] (3 toises 3 pieds 6 pouces @ 120 livres per cubic toise - 70 livres)

(b) Oak work for 2 architraves for the communication doors of the Brothers lodging

(c) Oak work for architraves for the [doors] of the large [hospital] wards

(d) [Construction] of the large 2-leaf entry [Rue d'Orléans hospital] door, with embôitures at either end, made of tongued and grooved [vertical 2-pouce thick] planks (1 toise square 9 pouces @ 32 livres per square toise - 36 livres)

(e) Provisional repair [of the large 2-leaf] terrace [embôiture] door

(f) Provisional repair of the lower [inner court]yard (basse cour) door

(g) [Construction] 2 storehouse doors [with embôitures at either end, made of tongued and grooved vertical 2-pouce thick planks] in the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the storehouse (@ 32 livres per square toise)

(h) [Construction] of a 1-pouce thick door, with embôitures at either end, made of tongued and grooved [vertical] local boards, for the [Rue Dauphine] refectory (dining room) (@ 22 livres per square toise)

(i) [Construction] of a 1-pouce thick door, with embôitures at either end, made of tongued and grooved [vertical] local boards, for the [Rue Dauphine kitchen] dépense (storeroom (@ 22 livres per square toise)

(j) [Construction] of a [2] 1-pouce thick doors, with embôitures at either end, made of tongued and grooved [vertical] local boards, for the two [Rue d'Orléans hospital] wards which communicate with the lodgings of the Bothers (@ 22 livres per square toise)

(k) [Construction] of a [2] 1-pouce thick doors, with embôitures at either end, made of tongued and grooved [vertical] local boards, for the [Rue Dauphine] rooms above the refectory (dining room) (@ 22 livres per square toise)

(l) [Construction] of a framed, panelled door for the [Rue Dauphine] parlour door in the corridor (2 pieds 9 pouces @ 30 livres per square toise- 13 livres 15 sols)

(m) [Construction] of 2 half-glass/half-panelled doors for the [Rue Dauphine] cabinet in the Brothers rooms above the refectory (dining room) (@ 34 livres per square toise)

(n) [Construction] of a half-glass/half-panelled door for the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel which communicates with the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] wards (@ 34 livres per square toise)

(6) Windows

(a) [Construction] of a window sash, with its dormant frame, for the [Rue Dauphine] refectory (dining room) (@ 40 livres per square toise)

(b) [Construction] of a window sash, with its dormant frame, for the [Rue Royalle east] pavilion housing the wash-house (@ 40 livres per square toise)

(c) [Construction] of 16 dormer sashes, [with their dormant frames], (@ 40 livres per square toise)

(d) [Construction] of 3 cellar soupiraux (ventilators) sashes, [with their dormant frames], for the [Rue Dauphine] kitchen (@ 40 livres per square toise)

(e) [Construction] of 2 Venetian sashes, [with their dormant frames], for the 2 [Rue d'Orléans] upper storey [hospital] ward windows which overlook the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel (@ 40 livres per square toise)

(f) Repair of several [window] sashes, [with their dormant frames], throughout the [Rue d'Orléans] building (@ 40 livres per square toise)

(g) Replacement of 548 7x8 pouce glass [window panes] (213 square pieds @ 28 sols per square pied - 298 livres 4 sols):

(i) In the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] wards

(ii) In the [Rue d'Orléans and Rue d'Estrées] chapel

(iii) In the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] Brother's lodging and pavilion

(h) Clean and putty old glass [window panes] (324 @ 1 sol 6 deniers each - 24 livres 6 sols)

(7) Shutters

(a) [Construction] of 2 interior [embôiture] shutters on the door of the partition which separates the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel from the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] wards (@ 30 livres per square toise)

(b) [Construction] of 2 interior [Embôiture] shutters on the 2 windows of the partition which separates the [Rue d'Estrées and Rue d'Orléans] chapel from the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] wards (@ 30 livres per square toise)

(8) Interior Wooden Partitions

(a) [Construction] of a 2-pouce thick pine partition to separate the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel from the wards (9 toises square 9 pouces @ 18 livres per square toise - 164 livres 5 sols)

(b) Replacement of the partition for the Priest's room produced from its former planks, together with its stringers, tringles, and nails (3 toises square 2 pieds 5 pouces of wooden material)

(c) [Construction] of [several 2-pouce thick pine] partitions above the refectory (dining room) to [create] 2 rooms for the Brothers (@ 18 livres per square toise)

(9) Vertical Interior Wall Cladding (Lambris)

(a) [Construction] of a portion of the vertical wall cladding in the sanctuary on the side of the sacristy

(b) [Construction] of a portion of the vertical wall cladding in the room of the aumônerie (chaplain) [using planed, tongued and grooved 1-pouce thick boards] (@ 12 livres per square toise)

(10) Fireplaces/Potagers and Chimneys

(a) Brick repairs to the [fireplace] fireback and oven of the [Rue Dauphine] kitchen (@ 175 livres per cubic toise)

(b) Construction of a new brick [Rue Dauphine kitchen] potager (@ 175 livres per cubic toise)

(c) The closing off of the [Rue Dauphine kitchen] dépense storeroom fireplace in masonry

(d) The closing off with [Boston] boards of the [4] large chimneys in the [Rue d'Orléans west hospital] ward (@ 6 livres 10 sols per square pied)

(e) The 16 cleaning sweeps of chimney [stacks] at different times (16 @ 8 sols - 6 livres 8 sols)

(f) [Construction and later repair after use] of 4 large brick stoves, with a clay mortar, for heating the [hospital] wards (Construction @ 18 livres each - 72 livres; Post-repair with new bricks and clay @ 4 livres each)

(g) [Construction and later repair after use] of 1 [large brick stove], with a clay mortar, for the linen room (Construction @ 18 livres each - 18 livres; Post-repair with new bricks and clay @ 4 livres each)

(11) Hardware

(a) A lock furnished for the lodgings of the Brothers (@ 6 livres 10 sols each)

(b) A lock repaired and the furnishing of a new key

(12) Furnishings

(a) Demolition of the bunks built for the English Militia [in the hospital]

(b) [Construction] of a table for cutting bread for the sick

(c) [Construction] of a table for the decocting pots

(d) [Construction] of a kitchen table (8 pieds 2 pouces long x 2 pieds wide)

(e) [Construction] of a refectory (dining room) table

(f) [Construction] of a standard for the meal-time bell

(g) [Construction] of a carrier (9 pieds long) for transporting the dead

(h) [Construction] of assorted utensils for the [Rue Royalle east] pavilion housing the bakery, including a large table (11 pieds long x 6 pieds wide)

(i) [Construction] of furnishings for the [Rue Dauphine] kitchen

(j) [Construction] of a portemanteau (rack or stand) for the use of the linen room

(k) [Construction] of [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel and religious furnishings

(l) [Construction] of a [Rue Dauphine kitchen] dépense {storeroom} table and shelving

(m) [Construction] of shelving for the soldier's garde-robe (wardrobe)

(n) [Construction] of a large armoire in the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] apothecary

(o) [Construction] of an armoire in the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] Brother's rooms

(p) [Remounting and construction] of beds for the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] wards

(q) [Modification] of the beds in the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] lodgings of the Brothers

(r) [Construction] of a 38 pieds long roof oak fire prevention ladder, consisting of three vertical members and rungs (@ 20 sols per running pied - 38 livres)

(13) Cleaning

(a) Cleaned the entire [Rue d'Orléans] hospital building from top to bottom

(14) Winter/storm porches

(a) [Construction] of a [1/2 timber] winter/storm porch for the [central] passageway door which opens upon the terrace (@ 20 sols per cubic pied)

(i) [Construction] of a single layer of weatherboarding, of Boston boards (@ 6 livres 10 sols per square toise)

(ii) [Construction] of a double board roof, of Boston boards (@ 6 livres 10 sols per square toise)

(iii) [Construction] of the ground-floor flooring, of 2-pouce thick planks (@ 12 livres per square toise)

(b) [Construction] of a [1/2 timber] winter/storm porch for the kitchen door (@ 20 sols per cubic pied)

(i) [Construction] of a single layer of weatherboarding, of Boston boards (@ 6 livres 10 sols per square toise)

(ii) [Construction] of a double board roof, of Boston boards (@ 6 livres 10 sols per square toise)

(iii) [Construction] of the ground-floor flooring, of 2-pouce thick planks (@ 12 livres per square toise)

(15) Latrines

(a) Crépissage [à pierre apparente] roughcasting of the [walls] of the latrines for the sick (@ 45 sols per square toise)

(b) [Construction] of 1 door [with embôitures at either end, made of tongued and grooved vertical 2- pouce thick planks] to the latrine for the sick (@ 32 livres per square toise)

(c) [Construction] of the seat and front for the latrines of the Brothers

(d) [Construction] of a separation partition in the latrines of the Brothers (2 square toises 4 pieds @ 12 livres per square toise - 32 livres)

(e) [Construction] of a window sash, with its dormant frame, for the latrines (@ 40 livres per square toise)

(f) [Construction] of the seat, posts and braces of the latrines, from timber (@ 20 sols per cubic pied)

(g) [Construction] of a double board roof, of Boston boards, for the latrines for the sick (8 square toises 4 pieds @ 6 livres 10 sols per toise- 56 livres 6 sols 8 deniers)

(16) Latrine Drains

(a) Open up the sewage drain of the latrines which ran across the terrace, so that it could be unstopped

(b) Open up the same sewage drain from the terrace [across the inner courtyard] to the [Grand] Étang, [so that it could unstopped]

(c) Brick [repairs] to the man hole of the terrace sewage drain

(17) Terrace

(a) Cleaned the terrace of clinkers and rubbish

(b) Brick [repairs] to a portion of the terrace [wall]

(18) Inner Courtyard

(a) Cleaned the large [inner court]yard (grande cour) of five years of accumulated dung and rubbish

(19) Wells

(a) [Construction] of a well lever and 2 well lips in brick (@ 175 livres per cubic toise)

(b) [Construction] of a frame made of planks for a [well] lever ⁽¹¹³⁾

Following the repair work, Coeuret outlined what remaining Block 13 repairs were required owing to four years of English militia occupation of the hospital as a barracks. They amounted to 21,735 livres 18 sols as follows:

(Note: The proposed re-construction date is 1744-1745. Only the more useful dimensions, quantities, and specific prices have been extracted - Please consult the transcribed "Estimation des Reparations a faire" for complete details)

(1) Roof

(a) [Furnishing] of sheet lead missing from several places from the ridge, hip rafters, valleys and cornice of the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] bell [tower] (36 quintals @ 40 livres - 1,440 livres)

(b) [Furnishing] of slate [for placement over] the 4 closed-off [Rue d'Orléans west hospital] ward large chimney [stacks] which the English had open [to serve] the [ground] and [first storey] floors which they had used as a barracks (@ 30 livres per square toise)

(c) [Furnishing] of slate [for repairing] the [canon]-ball and grape-shot holes and the deterioration [of the Rue d'Orléans hospital] over four years (@ 30 livres per square toise)

(d) Re-shingling of the pavilion which had served as a cellar (@ 12 livres per square toise)

(e) Re-shingling of the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the cave/storehouse/horse sheds (@ 12 livres per square toise)

(2) Floors and Floorings

(a) Repair of the rotten lower and upper [Rue d'Orléans hospital] ward and lodgings floors [with 2-pouce thick pine planks] (440 square toises @ 18 livres per square toise - 7,920 livres)

(b) Replacement of 34 21-pieds long ground floor sleepers (357 cubic pieds @ 25 sols per cubic pieds - 428 livres 8 sols)

(3) Doors

(a) [Construction] of [unspecified] doors

(b) [Furnishing] of fine closure door locks

(c) [Construction] of the [iron] grill in the chapel door which the English had removed (@ 10 sols per livre of weight)

(4) Shutters

(a) [Construction] of [unspecified] shutters

(b) [Furnishing] of fine closure shutter locks

(5) Windows

(a) [Construction] of [unspecified window] sashes

(b) [Furnishing] of fine closure window locks

(6) Apothecary

(a) [Construction] of the entire [Rue d'Orléans hospital] apothecary

(7) Hardware

(a) [Furnishing] of large and small locks (72 @ 8 livres each - 576 livres)

(8) Furnishings

(a) [Construction] of armoires, tables, and benches

(b) [Furnishing] of fine closure armoire locks

(9) Terrace

(a) Removal of four years of accumulated rubbish from the terrace wall

(b) [Rubble stone masonry] reconstruction of the terrace wall and its ramps (13 cubic toise @ 120 livres per cubic toise - 1,560 livres)

(c) [Furnishing] of the iron balustrade which the English had removed from the terrace wall (@ 10 sols per livre of weight)

(d) [Placement] of a cut stone coping stones on the terrace wall, with the [terrace corner] steps at each end, so as to re-establish it, and [prepare] it for the [iron] balustrade (630 square pieds of cut stone facing @ 3 livres 15 sols per square pied - 2,362 livres 10 sols)

(10) Inner Courtyard

(a) Removal of four years of accumulated dung and rubbish from the [inner court]yard

(11) Wells

(a) [Construction] of the 2 lips of the wells

(b) Clean the wells ⁽¹¹⁴⁾

At year's end, 18,600 livres was ordered for repairs and to lengthen the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion by 20 pieds, from the lodging of the Brothers of Charity [towards the north along Rue Dauphine] for a kitchen and [hospital] ward.⁽¹¹⁵⁾ The existing kitchen was declared no longer functional, though it did undergo some [fireplace] fireback, oven, potager, well, table, dresser, and cellar soupiraux (ventilator) repairs and new work that would have returned it to a useful state.⁽¹¹⁶⁾ Indeed, the fireplace repairs were perhaps related to the apothecary's réserve (storeroom) question of 1750. ⁽¹¹⁷⁾

On August 15, Coeuret, the fortification contractor, signed off on a major agreement that included the hospital for repairs. There the amount was 2,227 livres 2 sols 2 deniers:

(Note: The proposed re-construction date is 1744-1745. Only the more useful dimensions, quantities, and specific prices have been extracted - Please consult the transcribed "Etat des Ouvrages de reparations Et entretiens, qui ont Eté faits" for complete details)

(1) Roof

(a) Replacement of timbers for the [Rue d'Orléans east hospital] ward adjoining the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue D/Orléans] chapel, required by the demolition of 2 large English chimney [stacks] (@ 20 sols per cubic pied)

(b) A new slate roof above the [Rue d'Orléans first storey] large ward

(c) New slates placed over the demolished [Rue d'Orléans east hospital] ward adjoining the Rue d'Estrées/Rue D/Orléans chapel 2] stack [openings] (@ 30 livres per square toise)

(d) [Slate] repairs to several portions of the [hospital] building roof (@ 30 livres per square toise)

(e) Table lead on the two pillars of the [Rue d'Orléans] bell tower turret, to a portion of the hip-rafters and in-behind (@ 8 sols per livre of weight)

(2) Floor

(a) Replacement of [new] timbers, the use of demolition timbers, and the return of a portion of the existing flooring [planks] for the [Rue d'Orléans east hospital] ward adjoining the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue D/Orléans] chapel, required by the demolition of 2 large English chimney [stacks] (New timber @ 20 sols per cubic pied)

(b) Replacement of new [2-pouce thick pine] flooring [planks] for the [Rue d'Orléans east hospital] ward adjoining the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue D/Orléans] chapel, required by the [demolition of] 2 [fireplace] bays and of the [other 2] fireplace [bays] no longer in use (@ 18 livres per square toise)

(c) Removal, [re-insertion into the masonry walls], and re-sealing, with mortar, of the floor beams of the [Rue d'Orléans east hospital] ward adjoining the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue D/Orléans] chapel (@ 4 livres 17 sols per barrel of mortar)

(d) [Furnishing] of two iron stirrups, weighing together 23 livres, for a [Rue d'Orléans/Rue d'Estrées] chapel beam (23 @ 9 sols per livre of weight - 10 livres 7 sols)

(3) Vertical Interior Planed Tongued and Grooved Board Wall Cladding (Lambris)

(a) To replace the fireplace [of the first storey Rue d'Orléans hospital] ward where the corners were cut off , made from planed, tongued and grooved [1-pouce thick] boards (1 square toise 1 pieds @ 12 livres per square toise)

(4) Windows

(a) [Placement] of 7x8 pouce glass [window panes] (@ 28 sols per square pied):

(i) In the [hospital] building

(ii) In [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] lodgings of the Brothers

(iii) In the large armoire of the [Rue d'Orléans] apothecary

(b) Cleaning and re-puttying of glass [window panes] (696 @ 1 sol six deniers each - 52 livres 4 sols)

(c) Cleaning of 601 glass [window panes] (601 @ 1 sol each - 30 livres 1 sol)

(5) Fireplaces

(a) Re-establishment, with mortar, of the [Rue d'Orléans] apothecary [masonry] furnace, and of other like works (@ 4 livres 17 sols per barrel of mortar)

(b) [Construction] of 4 large clay-mortared brick stoves in the [Rue d'Orléans] wards (4 @ 20 livres each - 80 livres)

(c) Crépissage à pierre apparent roughcasting of the [chimney] stack of the [Rue d'Orléans] apothecary (@ 2 livres 5 sols per square toise)

(d) Crépissage à pierre apparent roughcasting of the latrine vent-stack (@ 2 livres 5 sols per square toise)

(e) Table lead on the chimney vent-stack of the latrines (@ 8 sols per livre of weight)

(f) [Furnishing] of a iron ring, weighing 20 livres, for the furnace of the [Rue d'Orléans] apothecary (20 @ 9 sols of weight - 9 livres)

(6) Hardware

(a) [Furnishing] of the rocker-arm for the service bell for the sick [of the Rue d'Orléans wards]

(b) Repair of the 4 locks, and the furnishing of two keys and the pivot pin for the arc-boutant of the large [Rue d'Orléans entry] door

(c) Furnishing of 4 fiches a gond and the repair of 2 others, for the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] Priest's room

(d) [Furnishing of] 12 tringles, and 3 hooks each with its eye

(e) [Furnishing of] 18 fiches a vase for the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] rooms of the Brothers (18 @ 40 sols each - 36 livres)

(f) [Furnishing of] 2 spring bolts (2 @ 30 sols each - 3 livres)

(g) [Furnishing of] 4 fiches a vase for a small armoire (4 @ 30 sols each - 6 livres)

(h) [Furnishing of] 4 fiches a vase for a the armoire of the [Rue Dauphine kitchen] dépense (storeroom), together with a hook and its eye

(i) [Furnishing] of 4 fiches a vase and 2 sash-bolts for the Venetian [sashes] for the [Rue d'Orléans] ground storey [hospital] ward [windows] adjoining the [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel

(j) [Furnishing] of 8 fiches a vase, 4 spring bolts, and 2 sash-bolts for the [2] Venetian [sashes] for the [Rue d'Orléans] first storey [hospital] ward [windows adjoining the Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans chapel]

(k) [Furnishing] of 16 pairs of large fiches a vase, and 10 hooks and eyes for the armoire of the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] apothecary (Hinges @ 3 livres per pair - 48 livres; 10 Hook and eyes @ 10 sols - 5 livres)

(l) [Furnishing] of 8 holdfast-nails to attach the cornice to the armoire of the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] apothecary (8 @ 6 sols each - 2 livres 8 sols)

(m) [Furnishing] of 4 hinges for the small armoire of the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] room of the Brothers (4 @ 15 sols each - 3 livres)

(n) [Furnishing] of 4 fiche a gonds and a tringle with its screw-type eyes for the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] room of the Brothers

(o) [Furnishing] of 4 spring bolts for the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] room of the Brothers (4 @ 30 sols each - 6 livres)

(p) [Furnishing] of several small lock-pieces, the repair of locks, and the [Furnishing] of 2 new keys for the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] lodgings of the Brothers

(q) [Furnishing] of a polished lock a tour et demy for a [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] room of the Brothers (1 @ 6 livres each - 6 livres)

(r) [Furnishing] of 2 fiche a vase and the repair of several fine locks for a [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] room [of the Brothers]

(s) [Furnishing] of 22 locks for the armoire and for the small room (cabinet) for the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] apothecary, [Rue d'Estrées] sacristy, and [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine] lodgings [of the Brothers] (22 @ 4 livres each - 88 livres)

(t) [Furnishing] of 3 pairs of strap hinges (3 @ 4 livres per pair - 12 livres)

(u) [Furnishing] of 3 ordinary latches (3 @ 2 livres 10 sols each - 7 livres 10 sols)

(7) Furnishings

(a) [Construction] of beds

(b) [Construction] of benches [for sitting] around the stoves

(c) [Construction] of 6 large wooden chandeliers for the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] wards

(d) [Construction] of rollers

(e) [Furnishing] of the balance-weight, weighing 6 livres, for the large bell [of the Rue d'Orléans bell tower] (6 @ 9 sols per livre of weight - 2 livres 14 sols)

(8) Latrines

(a) Clean out the latrines

(b) Clean out the [sewage] drain of the latrines ⁽¹¹⁸⁾

That year a proposal to build a new [Rue Dauphine] extension onto the existing [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion received the attention of Chief Engineer Franquet (later to become Director of Fortifications of the whole of New France), who agreed to consult with Governor Desherbiers and Prévost, the Commissaire-Ordonnateur.⁽¹¹⁹⁾ Engineer Boucher, who reported to Franquet, passed on the Brothers' of Charity concern that the proposed kitchen was too small to meet the needs of the sick, and that it didn't have a basement, or anyplace, to prevent the freezing of apothecary supplies - an existing problem they had solved by using an apothecary's [winter] réserve (storeroom) placed 12 pieds from a modified kitchen's fireplace. With this in mind, then, he had raised the new building to the [ridge] level of the former one - to which it was now attached - and located the new kitchen and [winter] apothecary's réserve (storeroom) or décharge (room) [at ground floor level], and [above] lodgings for three brothers.⁽¹²⁰⁾

According to Engineer Boucher, work on the new [Rue Dauphine] extension to house the new kitchen, the winter apothecary réserve (storeroom), and two Brothers, or more, had commenced this year.⁽¹²¹⁾ His 1750-1 plan which illustrates the new proposed building clearly differed in approach to that of Chief Engineer's proposal of 1744. However, in some important respects, it also differed from Boucher's later 1752-10 plan, suggesting that the 1750 plan had served merely as a proposal rather than as an precise illustration of final work.

In September, Engineer Boucher reported that he was unable to date to repair the floors of the [hospital] wards. Since spring, they had been filled with the sick. However, he had prepared all the required wood.⁽¹²²⁾

According to several accounts, the large hospital [complex] entirely occupied [Block 13]. The four wards - two ground-floor and two upper ones - were furnished with 74 beds for 74 sick people. There were other buildings as well, serving the Brothers and other uses.⁽¹²³⁾At about the same time [circa 1750-1751], a proposal envisioned a new [aqueduct] to bring water to the infectious latrines as well as to provide a source for laundering clothes.⁽¹²⁴⁾

Prévost, the Commissaire-Ordonnateur, reported that the two large ground floor [hospital] wards had assumed a bad odour, caused, he thought, when used by the English as a barracks.⁽¹²⁵⁾ After some false starts to rid the place of the odour, they did the following:

(1) Scraped, and several times whitewash, the walls

(2) Replace the rotten floors

(3) Added two new windows to each [hospital] ward to brighten them up

(4) Grilled [with iron bars] all the ground floor windows of the [hospital] wards, thus allowing them to lower the sills a good 4 pouces, which further [brightened up the rooms].⁽¹²⁶⁾

Plans were also made for further improvements, at the least cost:

(1) To increase the size of the [hospital] wards

(2) To establish a dormitory for sick officers

(3) To establish a [Rue d'Estrées/Rue d'Orléans] chapel

(4) To establish other conveniences⁽¹²⁷⁾

According to Engineer Boucher this work had also included roughcasting the exterior walls of the hospital during the good weather. He also noted that the four new ground-floor windows, all of which had been placed in the south [Rue d'Orléans] wall to brighten up the [hospital] wards and bring in more air, were larger than the original ones. To bring the old ones to same level as the new ones, he therefore lowered them, and added one row of glass window [panes] to each.

Although Prévost had replaced the ground-floor ward flooring, he left those above in place since they were still useable. However, he would cover them with a half planks to strengthen and seal them off from the floor below which had been suffering from certain unspecified annoyances.⁽¹²⁸⁾

On maps such as 1751-7 and 1751-10, the [Rue Dauphine] kitchen extension on the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion first appears. In November, 1751, Boucher reported that the Brothers were already using the new kitchen, but given that on 1752-10 he noted that the building was only completed in May, 1752, the rest of the building may still have been incomplete.⁽¹²⁹⁾

In October, Engineer Boucher reported that he had submitted a [detailed - now missing] toisé describing the new [Rue Dauphine] kitchen building.⁽¹³⁰⁾ Fortunately, this new situation map 1752-10 partially illustrated:

On the ground floor was the kitchen - with its window sink, its well, a potager, and a fireplace with an oven - and to it was attached an dépense (storeroom). Above, on the first storey, was the refectory (dining room), the office, and a small room designated as a buffet. Above that a knee-walled attic, consisting of three wood-revetted rooms serving as lodgings for 2 Brothers and 3 hospital attendants. For communicating between these three floor levels, a new staircase had been installed.

Architectural features included chimney caps, and windows and dormers of a balanced design. Structurally, among other things, the roof consisted of a braced king post and purlin system and the ends of its first storey and attic joists were embedded into the perimeter walls. The well had a pulley system. Unlike as shown on map 1750-1, toothing stones - placed to facilitate further construction - an exterior sink drain, and [Rue d'Orléans] street and terrace/inner courtyard exterior building perimeter pavé were not apparent.

Finally, the old basement kitchen of the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion now served as a brewery and a place for decocting for the sick, and, above it, the former refectory (dining room) was now a parlour and heated public area.⁽¹³¹⁾ As for the former parlour, map 1752-10 identified it a room (note: 1750-1 had envisioned it more specifically as a garde manager). This section's ground floor corridor remained as before, as did the basement room or cave to the south of the former kitchen into which the stairs from the ground floor exited, providing an interior access to the kitchen.

Maps 1750-1 and 1752-10 helped to explain what was built in Block 13 prior to the siege of 1745:

(1) On map 1752-10 (and 1750-1 but with a different arrangement), Engineer Boucher clearly illustrated at least three soupiraux (ventilators) facing the inner courtyard of the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion, and at least another two opening upon Rue Dauphine. Two illuminated the kitchen, two the basement room located to the south of the kitchen, and a third the stairs leading to the ground floor. The inner courtyard ventilators may be the ones added in 1749; those facing the street may be the ones which drew the complaint of 1744.

(2) Both maps illustrated the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion with openings in the same location in the kitchen's north wall where an exterior door and window were depicted on maps 1726-1/1726-1a.

(3) Map 1750-1 illustrated the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue d'Estrées east right aisle/right pavilion hospital] officers' ward which had been constructed in 1739

(4) Map 1750-1, like map 1745-4, illustrated the masonry henhouse-sheep fold attached to the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the cave/storehouse/horse-cow sheds/henhouse-sheep fold, though with different door and window arrangements

(5) Map 1750-1 illustrated a new inner courtyard doorway in the storehouse of the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the cave/storehouse/horse-cow sheds/henhouse-sheep fold

(6) Both maps illustrated a well that stood where the original pre-1745 [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion well once stood in the inner courtyard

Less helpful was that map 1752-10 also illustrated the following:

(1) That the roof of the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion had at least two small dormers

(a) Maps 1726-1/1726-1a indicate at least one dormer

(b) Map 1745-4 did not illustrate any dormers

(c) Map 1750-1 did not illustrate any dormers

(2) That the ground floor parlour of the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion did not have a fireplace

(a) Maps 1726-1/1726-1a indicate a fireplace

(b) Map ND-82 (1729) does not indicate a fireplace

(c) Map 1745-4 indicates a fireplace

(3) That the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion had brick chimney stacks with brick caps

(a) Map ND-82 (1729) illustrated brick chimney stacks with cut stone caps and strings (In fact, this plan showed the entire hospital complex as well as the [Rue Royalle east] pavilion housing the bakery/wash-house with this arrangement)

(b) Map 1745-4 illustrated brick stacks with cut stone caps

(4) That the ground floor guard room in the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] central pavilion did not have a fireplace

(a) Maps 1726-1/1726-1a indicate one fireplace

(b) Map ND-82 (1729) does not indicate any fireplaces

(5) That the ground floor latrines in the [Rue d'Orléans hospital] central pavilion had stairs that communicated with the upper latrines

(a) Maps 1726-1/1726-1a does not indicate any stairs

(b) Map ND-82 (1729) does not indicate any stairs

(6) That the fireplace of the wash-house of the [Rue Royalle east] bakery/wash-house was accompanied by circular structures, no doubt associated with the heating of water

(a) Maps 1726-1/1726-1a does not indicate any additional features

(b) Map ND-82 (1729) indicates the same circular structures

Maps 1750-1 and 1752-10 also illustrated a number of construction changes that had occurred to the pre-1745 structure since 1745. Among the new work were the following:

(1) Map 1750-1 did not illustrate the exterior steps from the terrace to the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue d'Estrées east] right aisle/right pavilion which were shown on maps 1726-1/1726-1a

(2) Map 1750-1 did not illustrate the exterior steps from the terrace to the [Rue d'Orléans hospital's] central pavilion which were shown on maps 1726-1/1726-1a

(3) Map 1750-1 illustrated 1 more ground floor window and 2 more ground floor doors (one with exterior steps) along the Rue d'Orléans face of the [Rue d'Orléans] hospital than shown on maps 1726-1/1726-1a

(i) Four [Rue d'Orléans] windows were added in 1751

(4) Maps 1750-1 and 1752-10 illustrated 1 more ground floor window along the inner courtyard side of the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion, than shown on maps 1726-1/1726-1a, as well as 1 more first storey window than shown on Map 1745-1

(5) Maps 1750-1 and 1752-10 illustrated (though in different configurations) three soupiraux (ventilators) facing the inner courtyard of the [Rue d'Orléans/Rue Dauphine west] left aisle/left pavilion which were not shown on Map 1745-4

(i) Three were added in 1749

(6) Map 1750-1 illustrated the blocked doorway between the storehouse and the horse-cow sheds/henhouse-sheep fold of the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the cave/storehouse/horse-cow sheds/henhouse-sheep fold

(i) Maps 1726-1/1726-1a illustrate a functional doorway

(ii) It was blocked in 1749

(7) Map 1750-1 illustrated a new Rue Royalle doorway in the storehouse of the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the cave/storehouse/horse-cow sheds/henhouse-sheep fold

(i) According to the 1744 account, this doorway ought to have appeared in the Rue Royalle wall of the [Rue Royalle east] pavilion housing the bakery

(8) Map 1750-1 illustrated a new window in the Rue d'Estrées wall of the bakery's rear-room of the [Rue Royalle east] pavilion housing the bakery/wash-house

Thomas Pichon, who was a secretary to Governor Raymond (1751-1753), considered the hospital to be very spacious, extremely well-built, and the most comfortable house in the colonies.⁽¹³²⁾

A fire (September 29-30) had destroyed the Block One bakery. In response, the bakery of the Hospital's [Rue Royalle east] pavilion housing the bakery/wash-house was prepared to receive workers for baking the bread for the colonial troupes.⁽¹³³⁾

On July 6 or 7, a single bomb fell upon the hospital, killing a surgeon and wounding two Brothers of Charity.⁽¹³⁴⁾ Nevertheless, later when in English hands, plans were formulated to make it again wind and weather tight.⁽¹³⁵⁾

The Hospital attracted some [minor] work.⁽¹³⁶⁾ Its roof was slate covered, while those of the [Rue Royalle east] pavilion housing the bakery/wash-house and of the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the cave/storehouse/horse-cow sheds/henhouse-sheep fold were shingled covered.⁽¹³⁷⁾

Repair estimates were prepared circa 1766 for the hospital, but were never implemented.⁽¹³⁸⁾

The hospital, like the other masonry structures in the town, was decaying now quite quickly,⁽¹³⁹⁾ and, according to maps 1767-1 and 1767-1a, much out of repair. Maps 1767-1/1767-1a also clearly illustrated the 1751-1752 new kitchen addition to be a separate, attached structure. They also suggest that the 1738 masonry henhouse attached to the [Rue Royalle west] pavilion housing the storehouse/stables/menagerie was now of wooden construction, and that there also now existed another wooden outbuilding attached to the south wall of the storehouse

The stone hospital was declared much out of repair, or bad, meaning that for the most part the floors and partitions had been removed for fuel.⁽¹⁴⁰⁾ Still, it was serving as a hospital, though with just enough accommodations to house the sick.⁽¹⁴¹⁾ Plans were in the works to make it soon wind and weather tight.⁽¹⁴²⁾

The foundations of the hospital were still visible.⁽¹⁴³⁾

Two stories of the hospital were still standing.⁽¹⁴⁴⁾

Still distinguishable were the remains of the hospital.⁽¹⁴⁵⁾

Properties intersect where the Block Thirteen Hospital once existed

The ruins of the hospital were still visible. ⁽¹⁴⁶⁾

^ENDNOTES

104. IE, Volume 139, [1745], p. 235.

105. Louis Effingham De Forest (editor), Louisbourg Journals 1745 (New York: The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York, 1932), "First Journal - Anonymous," October 17, 1745, pp. 50-51.

106. C11B, Volume 28, August 30, 1749, f. 319.

107. "Benjamin Green's Journal," Proceedings (American Antiquarian Society, 1909), June 21, 1745, p. 166; Louis Effingham De Forest (editor), Louisbourg Journals 1745 (New York: The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York, 1932), Ninth Journal - Chaplain Stephen Williams Journal, October 16, 1745, p. 153.

108. Colonial Office 5, Volume 900, September 21, 1745, ff. 232-233v.

109. For many examples, see Louis Effingham De Forest (editor), Louisbourg Journals 1745 (New York: The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York, 1932), Ninth Journal - Chaplain Stephen Williams Journal, July 21, p. 123, through November 17, 1745, p. 167; Louis Effingham De Forest (editor), Louisbourg Journals 1745 (New York: The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York, 1932), Ninth Journal - Chaplain Stephen Williams Journal, August 15, 1745, p. 132.

110. Louis Effingham De Forest (editor), Louisbourg Journals 1745 (New York: The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York, 1932), Ninth Journal - Chaplain Stephen Williams Journal, September 20, p. 147; September 26, 1745, p. 147; September 27, 1745, p. 147.

111. Admiralty 1, Volume 2007, July 5, 1746; C.O. 217 (Nova Scotia A 28), 1746, pp. 191-200; C11B, Volume 28, July 24, 1749, ff. 298, 300v-301; C11B, Volume 28, August 30, 1749, f. 319; C11B, Volume 28, December 31, 1749, ff. 330-330v; C11B, Volume 29, December 31, 1750, f. 294; Map 1745-23; Map 1745-23a; Map 1746-1; Map 1746-4; Map 1746-4; Map 1746-5; Map 1746-8; Map 1746-8a; Map1748-2.

112. IE, Volume 145, November 11, 1748, pp. 725, 735-743.

113. C11B, Volume 28, December 31, 1749, ff. 330-335.

114. C11B, Volume 28, August 30, 1749, ff. 303, 318v-319.

115. C11C, Volume 13, October 24, 1749 f. 67.

116. C11B, Volume 28, August 20, 1749, ff. 144-149; C11B, Volume 28, December 31, 1749, f. 331-331v, 332v, 333v.

117. C11B, Volume 29, September 29, 1750, ff. 267-267v.

118. C11B, Volume 29, December 31, 1750, ff. 276, 294-296.

119. B, Volume 91, May 19, 1750, f. 335v.

120. C11B, Volume 29, September 29, 1750, ff. 267-267v; C11B, Volume 29, November 3, 1750, f. 53; Map 1750-1.

121. C11B, Volume 31, November 20, 1751, ff. 118, 119v-120; Map 1750-1.

122. C11B, Volume 29, September 29, 1750, ff. 267-267v.

123. C11B, Volume 33, October 9, 1753, ff. 221, 228v, 232v; Archives Génie, Article 14, Pièce 28, 1751.

124. C11B, Volume 33, October 9, 1753, ff. 221, 228v, 232v.

125. C11B, Volume 30, November 12, 1751, ff. 259-261v; B, Volume 95, July 10, 1752, 286 (21). See also: Louis Effingham De Forest (editor), Louisbourg Journals 1745 (New York: The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York, 1932), Ninth Journal - Chaplain Stephen Williams Journal, September 20, p. 147; September 26, 1745, p. 147; September 27, 1745, p. 147.

126. C11B, Volume 30, November 12, 1751, ff. 260-260v.

127. C11B, Volume 30, November 12, 1751, f. 261.

128. C11B, Volume 31, November 20, 1751, ff. 118, 119v-120.

129. C11B, Volume 31, November 20, 1751, ff. 118, 119v-120.

130. C11B, Volume 32, October 18, 1752, ff. 262v-263.

131. C11B, Volume 31, November 20, 1751, ff. 118, 119v-120.

132. Thomas Pichon, Lettres sur le Cap Breton, 1760, Lettre XI; Pichon Papers, Tableau de l'etat actuel des missions, 1753, Number 40 (The document is said to be in Pichon's hand), NAC, MG18, F12.

133. C11B, Volume 36, October 1, 1756, ff. 145v-146; C11B, Volume 36, December 9, 1756, f. 263v.

134. Bibliothèque Génie, Manuscript 66, 1758; C11C, Volume 16, Pièce 28, July 6, 1758; C11B, Volume 38, July 7, 1758, ff. 36-38v.

135. C.O. 5, Volume 53, August 13, 1758, ff. 181, 191v, 192v.

136. Treasury 1, Volume 396, May 3, 1759.

137. Map 1759-1.

138. Gage Papers, June 22, 1768.

139. William Owen, "Narratives of American Voyages and Travels of Capt. William Owen, R.N. and the Settlement of the Island of Campobelle in the Bay of Fundy 1766-1771 (part 2) " in Bulletin of the New York Public Library, Volume 35, No. 2 (February, 1931).

140. Gage Papers, June 22, 1768; C.O. 217, Volume 25, September 26, 1768, pp. 140-154, pp. 135-148.

141. Gage Papers, June 25, 1768.

142. 142.C.O. 5, Volume 53, August 13, 1758, ff. 182-192v.

143. Abraham Gesner, The Industrial Resources of Nova Scotia (Halifax, n.p. 1849), p. 302.

144. Abraham Gesner, Canadian Journal, New Series, 1862, Volume 7.

145. John Milne Gow, Cape Breton Illustrated ... (Toronto: W. Briggs, 1893), pp. 146-152.

146. J.S. McLennan, "A Notable Ruin: Louisbourg". A paper read before the Nova Scotia Historical Society, November 10, 1908, Published by the Society, 1909.